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What are the 3 states of matter?
Solid, liquid, gas
How are particles in a solid arranged?
Regular lattice, all touching
State 2 properties of a solid.
Fixed volume and shape
How do solid particles move?
Vibrate
How are particles in a liquid arranged?
Random, all touching
How do liquid particles move?
Flow freely over each other randomly
State 2 properties of a liquid?
Fills containers, fixed volume
How are particles in a gas arranged?
Random, not touching
How do particles in a gas move?
In all directions constantly
Do gases have lots or little energy?
Lots
State 2 gas properties.
No fixed volume/shape, will fill container
Which state(s) of matter can be compressed?
Gas
State the change in state when a solid turns into a liquid.
Melting
State the change in state when a liquid turns into a gas.
Evaporation
State the change in state when a gas turns into a liquid.
Condensation
State the change in state when a liquid turns into a solid.
Freezing
State the change in state when a solid turns into a gas/gas turns into a solid.
Sublimation
What is the temperature called where a solid turns into a liquid?
Melting point
What is the temperature called where a liquid turns into a gas?
Boiling point
What is a substance made of a single element or compound?
Pure
What is a substance where 2 or more substances are present?
Mixture
What type of substance melts over a range of temperatures?
Impure
What type of substance melts at one temperature?
Pure
What technique is used to separate an insoluble solid and a liquid?
Filtration
What technique is used to separate a soluble solid and a liquid?
Evaporation
What technique is used to separate 2 liquids?
Distillation
What technique is used to separate a mix of soluble substances?
Chromotography
In chromatography, what is the phase that does not move called?
Stationary phase
In chromatography, what is the phase that moves called?
Mobile phase
What must be used to draw the line on the chromatography paper?
Pencil (because it is not soluble)
What is the equation used to work out Rf value?
distance travelled by the solute/distance travelled by the solvent
What is the distance moved by the solvent called?
Solvent front
What is water that is fit to drink called?
Potable water
What is water from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs called?
Surface water
What is water from aquifers called?
Ground water
What is water that has been contaminated by a human process called?
Waste water
During the water purifying process, what is the stage that screens out large objects called?
Filtration
During the water purifying process, what is the stage where particles settle to the bottom called?
Sedimentation
During the water purifying process, what is the stage where chlorine is added to kill bacteria called?
Chlorination
What process do hot, dry countries use to get drinking water from sea water?
Desalination
What subatomic particles are in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
What subatomic particles orbit the nucleus of an atom?
Electrons
What mass do protons have?
1
What mass do neutrons have?
1
What mass to electrons have
1/1840
What charge do protons have?
+1
What charge do neutrons have?
0
What charge do electrons have?
-1
How are positive ions formed?
Losing electrons
How are negative ions formed?
Gaining electrons
How are ionic compounds formed?
Transfer of electrons
What 2 ions are ionic compounds made up of?
Positive and negative
How are the ions arranged in an ionic compound?
Alternating lattice
How are the ions in an ionic compound held together?
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
Do ionic compound have a high or low melting point?
High
Why do solid ionic compounds not conduct electricity?
Ions aren’t free
Why do molten ionic compounds conduct electricity?
Ions are free
What is a covalent bond?
Shared pair of electrons
What holds atoms together in a simple covalent compound?
Strong bonds
What holds molecules together in a simple covalent bond?
Weak intermolecular forces
Do simple covalent compounds have a high or low melting point?
Low
Why do simple covalent bonds not conduct electricity?
No free electrons
What is a polymer?
Molecules made up of long chains of carbon atoms
What element are diamond, graphite, and fullerenes made from?
Carbon
How many bonds does each atom in diamond have?
4
What bonds does diamond contain?
Covalent
How are atoms in diamonds arranged?
Lattice
Does diamond have a high or low melting point?
High
Is diamond strong?
Yes
Why does diamond not conduct electricity?
No free electrons
State use of diamond.
Cutting tools
How many bonds does each atom in graphite have?
3
What bonds does graphite contain?
Covalent
How are the atoms in graphite arranged?
Layers of carbon atoms
Does graphite have a high or low melting point?
High
Is graphite strong?
No
Why does graphite conduct electricity?
Free electrons between layers
State a use of graphite.
Pencils
Graphene is a layer of what?
Graphite
How thick is graphene?
One atom thick
How are atoms in fullerenes arranged?
Hexagons
How many carbon atoms are in a Bucky Ball?
60
What are the carbon atoms in fullerenes held together by?
Covalent bonds
What is in between the Bucky Balls?
Weak intermolecular forces
Do fullerenes have a high melting point?
No
Why do fullerenes conduct electricity?
Free electrons
State a use of fullerenes.
Catalysts
What structure does a metal have?
Giant structure
Metals contain regular rows of what?
Positive ions
What are the rows of particles in a metal surrounded by?
Sea of delocalised electrons
Do metals have a high or low melting point?
High
What does malleable mean?
Can be hammered into shape
What does sonorous mean?
Produces a deep ringing sound
What does ductile mean?
Can be made into a thin wire
Why are metals malleable?
The layers of positive ions slide over each other
Can metals conduct electricity?
Yes
Where are metals in the periodic table?
Left
State 3 properties of metals.
Shiny, solid, dense
State 2 properties of non-metals.
Low melting point, poor conductor of electricity
State an advantage of using a dot and cross diagram.
Shows where electrons come from
Note 
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