Chemistry Paper 1 Summary

What are the 3 states of matter?

Solid, liquid, gas

How are particles in a solid arranged?

Regular lattice, all touching

State 2 properties of a solid.

Fixed volume and shape

How do solid particles move?

Vibrate

How are particles in a liquid arranged?

Random, all touching

How do liquid particles move?

Flow freely over each other randomly

State 2 properties of a liquid?

Fills containers, fixed volume

How are particles in a gas arranged?

Random, not touching

How do particles in a gas move?

In all directions constantly

Do gases have lots or little energy?

Lots

State 2 gas properties.

No fixed volume/shape, will fill container

Which state(s) of matter can be compressed?

Gas

State the change in state when a solid turns into a liquid.

Melting

State the change in state when a liquid turns into a gas.

Evaporation

State the change in state when a gas turns into a liquid.

Condensation

State the change in state when a liquid turns into a solid.

Freezing

State the change in state when a solid turns into a gas/gas turns into a solid.

Sublimation

What is the temperature called where a solid turns into a liquid?

Melting point

What is the temperature called where a liquid turns into a gas?

Boiling point

What is a substance made of a single element or compound?

Pure

What is a substance where 2 or more substances are present?

Mixture

What type of substance melts over a range of temperatures?

Impure

What type of substance melts at one temperature?

Pure

What technique is used to separate an insoluble solid and a liquid?

Filtration

What technique is used to separate a soluble solid and a liquid?

Evaporation

What technique is used to separate 2 liquids?

Distillation

What technique is used to separate a mix of soluble substances?

Chromotography

In chromatography, what is the phase that does not move called?

Stationary phase

In chromatography, what is the phase that moves called?

Mobile phase

What must be used to draw the line on the chromatography paper?

Pencil (because it is not soluble)

What is the equation used to work out Rf value?

distance travelled by the solute/distance travelled by the solvent

What is the distance moved by the solvent called?

Solvent front

What is water that is fit to drink called?

Potable water

What is water from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs called?

Surface water

What is water from aquifers called?

Ground water

What is water that has been contaminated by a human process called?

Waste water

During the water purifying process, what is the stage that screens out large objects called?

Filtration

During the water purifying process, what is the stage where particles settle to the bottom called?

Sedimentation

During the water purifying process, what is the stage where chlorine is added to kill bacteria called?

Chlorination

What process do hot, dry countries use to get drinking water from sea water?

Desalination

What subatomic particles are in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons

What subatomic particles orbit the nucleus of an atom?

Electrons

What mass do protons have?

1

What mass do neutrons have?

1

What mass to electrons have

1/1840

What charge do protons have?

\+1

What charge do neutrons have?

0

What charge do electrons have?

\-1

How are positive ions formed?

Losing electrons

How are negative ions formed?

Gaining electrons

How are ionic compounds formed?

Transfer of electrons

What 2 ions are ionic compounds made up of?

Positive and negative

How are the ions arranged in an ionic compound?

Alternating lattice

How are the ions in an ionic compound held together?

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction

Do ionic compound have a high or low melting point?

High

Why do solid ionic compounds not conduct electricity?

Ions aren’t free

Why do molten ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Ions are free

What is a covalent bond?

Shared pair of electrons

What holds atoms together in a simple covalent compound?

Strong bonds

What holds molecules together in a simple covalent bond?

Weak intermolecular forces

Do simple covalent compounds have a high or low melting point?

Low

Why do simple covalent bonds not conduct electricity?

No free electrons

What is a polymer?

Molecules made up of long chains of carbon atoms

What element are diamond, graphite, and fullerenes made from?

Carbon

How many bonds does each atom in diamond have?

4

What bonds does diamond contain?

Covalent

How are atoms in diamonds arranged?

Lattice

Does diamond have a high or low melting point?

High

Is diamond strong?

Yes

Why does diamond not conduct electricity?

No free electrons

State use of diamond.

Cutting tools

How many bonds does each atom in graphite have?

3

What bonds does graphite contain?

Covalent

How are the atoms in graphite arranged?

Layers of carbon atoms

Does graphite have a high or low melting point?

High

Is graphite strong?

No

Why does graphite conduct electricity?

Free electrons between layers

State a use of graphite.

Pencils

Graphene is a layer of what?

Graphite

How thick is graphene?

One atom thick

How are atoms in fullerenes arranged?

Hexagons

How many carbon atoms are in a Bucky Ball?

60

What are the carbon atoms in fullerenes held together by?

Covalent bonds

What is in between the Bucky Balls?

Weak intermolecular forces

Do fullerenes have a high melting point?

No

Why do fullerenes conduct electricity?

Free electrons

State a use of fullerenes.

Catalysts

What structure does a metal have?

Giant structure

Metals contain regular rows of what?

Positive ions

What are the rows of particles in a metal surrounded by?

Sea of delocalised electrons

Do metals have a high or low melting point?

High

What does malleable mean?

Can be hammered into shape

What does sonorous mean?

Produces a deep ringing sound

What does ductile mean?

Can be made into a thin wire

Why are metals malleable?

The layers of positive ions slide over each other

Can metals conduct electricity?

Yes

Where are metals in the periodic table?

Left

State 3 properties of metals.

Shiny, solid, dense

State 2 properties of non-metals.

Low melting point, poor conductor of electricity

State an advantage of using a dot and cross diagram.

Shows where electrons come from