Cell communication

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24 Terms

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Direct contact

communication through cell junctions; signaling substances and other material dissolved in the cytoplasm can pass freely between adjacent cells; animal cells: gap junction; plant cells: plasmodesmata

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Antigen presenting cells

communicate to T cells through direct contact

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Local Regulators

a secreting cell will release chemical messages(local regulators/ligands) that travel a short distance through the extracellular fluid; ex: paracrine(local) signaling. synaptic signaling

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Paracrine signaling

secretory cells release local regulators(ie growth factors) via exocytosis to an adjacent cell

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Synaptic signaling

occurs in animal nervous systems; neurons secrete neurotransmitters; diffuse across the synaptic cleft which is the space between the nerve cell and target cell

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Long distance signaling

animals and plants use hormones for this; plants release hormones that travel in the plant vascular tissue or through the air to reach target tissues; animals use the endocrine signaling; ex: insulin

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Reception

ligand binds to receptor; the detection and receiving of a ligand by a receptor in the target cell

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Transduction

signal is converted; the conversion of an extracellular signal to an intercellular signal that will bring about a cellular response; signal is amplified

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Response

a cell process is altered; the final molecule in the signaling pathway converts the signal to a response that will alter a cellular process; ex: protein that can alter membrane permeability (cytoplasmic response), enzyme that will change a metabolic process (cytoplasmic response), protein that turns genes on or off (nuclear response)

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receptor

macromolecule that binds to a signal molecule(ligand)

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plasma membrane receptors

most common type of receptor involved in signal pathways, binds to ligands that are polar, water-soluble and are large; ex: g protein coupled receptors(GPCRs), Ligand-gated ion channels

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intercellular receptors

found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell; binds to ligands that can pass through the plasma membrane; ie hydrophobic molecules; steroid and thyroid hormones, gasses like nitric oxide

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signal transduction pathway

influence how a cell responds to its environment; they can result in changes in gene expression and cell function; can alter phenotypes or result in cell death

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second messengers

small, non-protein molecules and ions help relay the message and amplify the response; cyclic AMP(cAMP) is a common ___

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G protein coupled receptors

largest category of cell surface receptors; important in animal sensory systems ; binds to a G protein that can bind to GTP, which is an energy molecule similar to ATP

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ion channels

located in the plasma membrane; important in the nervous system; receptors that act as a “gate” for ions; when a ligand binds to the receptor, the gate opens or closes allowing the diffusion of specific ions; initiates a series of events that lead to a cellular response.

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set points

values for various physiological conditions that the body tries to maintain; has a normal range for which it can fluctuate; ex: body temperature; set point: 98.6 f, normal range: 97 f to 99 f

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homeostasis

the state of relatively stable internal conditions; organisms detect and respond to a stimulus; think: balance; the body maintains this through feedback loop

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stimulus

a variable that will cause a response

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receptor/sensor

sensory organs that detect a stimulus. this information is sent to the control center (brain)

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effector

muscle or gland that will respond

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response

changes (decreases or increases) the effect of the stimulus

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negative feedback loop

the most common type of feedback mechanism; this type of feedback reduces the effect of the stimulus; ex: sweat, blood sugar, breathing rate

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positive feedback loop

this type of feedback increases the effect of a stimulus; ex: child birth, blood clotting, fruit ripening