virus/protist/bacteria/archea

what are viruses?

a particle of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids that invade living cells and reproduced. they are considered parasites because they need a host to live

examples of viruses

influenza, chicken pox, Ebola, malaria, AIDS

viruses have different…

shapes, sizes, and specificity

what are retroviruses?

viruses made of RNA that is then copied to DNA

types of viral reproduction

lytic infection & lysogenic infection

lytic infection

the virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

ways to control viruses

vaccines, interferon, antibodies

vaccines

small injected dose of the virus causes the body to have an immune reaction to prevent later infection

interferon

proteins that attach to your cell and prevent viruses from reproducing

what are bacteria?

single-celled prokaryote organisms with no nucleus

how to bacteria reproduce?

through binary fission

bacterial appendages

* pilli are the small hair-like proteins used for attachment
* the flagellaares used as a motor to move the bacteria

glycocalyx

sugarcoat that protects and prevents drying

cell shape is determined by…

the genetic code of the bacteria. this allows for genetic ID

bacterial cell membrane

regulates what moves in and out of the cytoplasm

plasmid

extrachromosomal DNA is not a part of the genome with different DNA

around how long have archaea existed?

around 3.5 billion years

are archaea heterotrophs or autotrophs

they are producers who make their own food so they are autotrophs

carbon fixation

the process that converts gaseous carbon dioxide to solid carbon compounds

what types of environments do archaea live in?

extreme or adverse conditions

what is the cell wall of archaea made from?

glycoproteins and polysaccharides

how are they different from other bacteria?

16S rRNA and 18S rRNA sequences were totally different in archaea from other bacteria

similarities between archaea and bacteria:

* both reproduce through binary fission
* they are unicellular organisms

differences between archaea and bacteria:

* there are no pathogenic archaea
* they have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls


* genetically different due to ribosomal and rDNA differences

what is a protist?

mostly single-celled eukaryotes some are multi-cellular

three categories of protist

Animal-like, Plant-like, Fungus-like

about animal-like protist

* called protozoans
* are heterotrophs
* can move to get food
* made of cells with a nucleus and no cell wall(like animals)
* unicellular

what are the four animal-like groups of protists?

Sarcodines, Ciliate, Flagellates, Parasites

sacrodines

* feed using their fake feet or pseudopods
* they have a contractile vacuole that takes and expels water
* ex. an amoeba

ciliates

* uses cilia, which are projections that move in a wave-like motion to move the cell, to eat
* ex. paramecium

flagellates

* use a flagella, or whip-like tail structure, to move
* ex. peranema

parasites

* feeds on the body fluids and bodies of their slows
* ex. plasmodium(causes malaria)

plant-like protists

* commonly known as algae
* autotrophic
* unicellular and multicellular
* there are 7 main types

7 types of protists

Algae, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Red Algae, Green Algae, Brown Algae

algae

* most live in water or damp surfaces
* some contain chlorophyll to photosynthesize

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diatoms

* unicellular organisms that have glass-like cell walls
* floats on surfaces of bodies of water
* used in scouring products

dinoflagellates

* unicellular
* have two flagella
* responsible for red tides

euglenoids

* can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
* unicellular an green in color
* uses flagella for movement

red algae

* multi-cellular seaweed
* contains red chlorophyll, only needs a small amount of sunlight

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green algae

* unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
* closely related to plants

brown algae

* seaweed with many pigments
* contains many plant-like structures

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fungus-like protists

* heterotrophs
* have cell walls
* they use spores to reproduce
* there are two main types

slime mold

* brightly colored
* lives in moist environments
* can be very small or as big as several meters

water molds and downy mildews

* most live in water
* they grow in tiny threads that look like fuzz

lysogenic infection

The virus replaces parts of the cell’s DNA with the virus’s DNA causing the cell to produce the virus. kills the cell after a prolonged period because it may remain inactive in the cell