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His laws of motion and gravitation led to a whole new conception of the universe and his ideas served as the basis for the study of physics until the 20th century
Newton
He praised and analyzed the checks and balances of the British constitution
Montesquieu
He believed that all people posessed natural rights and that it was the government’s job to protect them
Locke
Brilliant French satirist and one of the most famous writers of the Enlightenment; he frequently targeted the clergy, aristocracy, and the government and he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech
Voltaire
In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, this political thinker presented an argument for the education of women; she also declared that women should have the same political rights as men:
Wollstonecraft
The Enlightenment was a movement of:
intellectuals
Which of the following was NOT a core belief, or concept, of the philosophes?
Faith, Happiness, Liberty, Progress, Reason
Faith
Which of the following did the Enlightenment promote?
A belief in progress, a more secular outlook, faith in science
all of the above
The philosopher who believed that all people are born free and equal, with the rights to life, liberty, and property was:
John Locke
This philosopher’s ideas greatly influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America; he argued against the use of torture and other common abuses:
Beccaria
French philosophe Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that the best form of government would be a:
direct democracy
Who took Montesquieu’s principles and worked them into their constitution?
American philosophes
What did the word reason mean to Enlightenment intellectuals?
understanding of all of life could be discovered through human mind and logical thinking
An influential French writer whose famous book, On the Spirit of the Laws, proposed that a separation of powers would keep any individual/group from gaining total control of the government:
Baron de Montesquieu
The new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of the individual to solve problems was the:
Enlightenment
Monarchs who embraced new ideas and made reforms to improve the lives of their subjects:
enlightened despot
He supervised the publication of a huge encyclopedia that summarized human knowledge during the Enlightenment:
Denis Diderot
He believed that absolute power was needed to preserve order in society:
Hobbes
This artistic style of the 1600s and early 1700s was characterized by grand, ornate designs:
baroque
This artistic style of the late 1700s was characterized by simple but elegant styles borrowed from the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome
neoclassical
In a history thesis paper, where should you place your thesis statement?
the last sentence of the intro paragraph
The theory that the sun was at the center of the universe with the planets revolving around it:
the heliocentric theory
For the medieval thinker, this was the only source of knowledge:
the Bible
This political thinker believed that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked and therefore argued that strong (authoritarian) governments were necessary to avoid chaos and maintain law and order:
Thomas Hobbes
Women’s contributions to the Enlightenment included all of the following EXCEPT:
a. urging women to enter male-dominated fields
b. writing about inequalities between men & women
c. running for political offices
d. holding social gatherings for influential people to generate “enlightened” discussions
c. running for political offices
Scottish professor who defended the idea of a free economy in his book The Wealth of Nations:
Adam Smith
The Swiss intellectual/writer, best known for his book on government, The Social Contract:
Jean Jacques Rousseau
The _________ was a major turning point in modern civilization as the Western world arrived at a new conception of the solar system/universe
Scientific Revolution
The __________ of learning was based on a combination of the following three sources of knowledge: human reason/logic, experimentation and observation, and math
scientific method
___________ are rights that belong to all humans at birth.
Natural rights
The _________ movement in France allowed the ideas of the Enlightenment to filter down to the larger population through discussions that took place at social gatherings of writers, musicians, painters, and philosophers.
salon
The movement for women’s rights is known as…..
feminism
The intellectuals/group of social critics of the Enlightenment were known by this French term:
philosophes
