Midterm Practice - Enlightenment (World History II Honors)

His laws of motion and gravitation led to a whole new conception of the universe and his ideas served as the basis for the study of physics until the 20th century

Newton

He praised and analyzed the checks and balances of the British constitution

Montesquieu

He believed that all people posessed natural rights and that it was the government’s job to protect them

Locke

Brilliant French satirist and one of the most famous writers of the Enlightenment; he frequently targeted the clergy, aristocracy, and the government and he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech

Voltaire

In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, this political thinker presented an argument for the education of women; she also declared that women should have the same political rights as men:

Wollstonecraft

The Enlightenment was a movement of:

intellectuals

Which of the following was NOT a core belief, or concept, of the philosophes?

Faith, Happiness, Liberty, Progress, Reason

Faith

Which of the following did the Enlightenment promote?

A belief in progress, a more secular outlook, faith in science

all of the above

The philosopher who believed that all people are born free and equal, with the rights to life, liberty, and property was:

John Locke

This philosopher’s ideas greatly influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America; he argued against the use of torture and other common abuses:

Beccaria

French philosophe Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that the best form of government would be a:

direct democracy

Who took Montesquieu’s principles and worked them into their constitution?

American philosophes

What did the word reason mean to Enlightenment intellectuals?

understanding of all of life could be discovered through human mind and logical thinking

An influential French writer whose famous book, On the Spirit of the Laws, proposed that a separation of powers would keep any individual/group from gaining total control of the government:

Baron de Montesquieu

The new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of the individual to solve problems was the:

Enlightenment

Monarchs who embraced new ideas and made reforms to improve the lives of their subjects:

enlightened despot

He supervised the publication of a huge encyclopedia that summarized human knowledge during the Enlightenment:

Denis Diderot

He believed that absolute power was needed to preserve order in society:

Hobbes

This artistic style of the 1600s and early 1700s was characterized by grand, ornate designs:

baroque

This artistic style of the late 1700s was characterized by simple but elegant styles borrowed from the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome

neoclassical

In a history thesis paper, where should you place your thesis statement?

the last sentence of the intro paragraph

The theory that the sun was at the center of the universe with the planets revolving around it:

the heliocentric theory

For the medieval thinker, this was the only source of knowledge:

the Bible

This political thinker believed that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked and therefore argued that strong (authoritarian) governments were necessary to avoid chaos and maintain law and order:

Thomas Hobbes

Women’s contributions to the Enlightenment included all of the following EXCEPT:

a. urging women to enter male-dominated fields

b. writing about inequalities between men & women

c. running for political offices

d. holding social gatherings for influential people to generate “enlightened” discussions

c. running for political offices

Scottish professor who defended the idea of a free economy in his book The Wealth of Nations:

Adam Smith

The Swiss intellectual/writer, best known for his book on government, The Social Contract:

Jean Jacques Rousseau

The _________ was a major turning point in modern civilization as the Western world arrived at a new conception of the solar system/universe

Scientific Revolution

The __________ of learning was based on a combination of the following three sources of knowledge: human reason/logic, experimentation and observation, and math

scientific method

___________ are rights that belong to all humans at birth.

Natural rights

The _________ movement in France allowed the ideas of the Enlightenment to filter down to the larger population through discussions that took place at social gatherings of writers, musicians, painters, and philosophers.

salon

The movement for women’s rights is known as…..

feminism

The intellectuals/group of social critics of the Enlightenment were known by this French term:

philosophes