Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
What is a gamete cell
Sex cell
what is a somatic cell
body cell
what is the cell cycle
The life cycle of a cell/the time it spends growing, functioning, dividing. Growth Stage/Interphase (G1 phase → S phase → G2 phase) → Division Stage/ Mitosis (PMAT)
what are the stages of mitosis
Paraphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (Cytokenesis)
how is cytokineses different in plant and animal
Plant cells: do not have centrioles but do produce spindle fibers, plant cell wall does not produce a cleavage furrow rather a cell plate forms.
Animal cells: has centrioles with spindle fibers, produces a cleavage furrow
what is cancer
Cancer is the result of a genetic mutation in genes which control cell division. Cancer is uncontrolled cell division and the cell stage that is likely to be altered by this is the S stage.
name some treatments for cancer
Some methods for treatment are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, stem cell transplant
***why must germ cells reduce their chromosome number by half during meiosis
The process is called reduction division. It's important because the function of a sex cell is to meet the other cell by reducing the number by half when fertilization takes place it allows diploitidy to be restored. We are not built on haploid chromosome numbers, but to get a diploid number reduction and division must happen to restore diploid number when sperm meets egg.
what are the stages of meiosis
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Cytokenesis, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2, Cytokenesis
how does crossing over contribute to genetic variation
during prophase 1 synapses occurs (homologous chromosomes pair up) and during which non sister chromatids in a homologous pair may exchange pieces of their chromosomes to have different combinations of paternal and maternal chromosomes.
how does independent assortment contribute to genetic variation
Independent assortment: during metaphase 1 homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell independently and randomly to each other so the resulting gametes have different combinations of paternal chromosomes and maternal chromosomes
how are mitosis and meiosis similar
both are processes of division of cells, use PMAT and use contribute to the continuity of life
how are mitosis and meiosis different
meiosis-gametes, mitosis-somatic, mitosis has one set of PMAT, meiosis has 2 sets of PMAT
what is spermatogenesis
occurs in the male testes, begins with a diploid germ called a spermatogonium, following two stages of meiotic division- of which there is an equal division of cytoplasm between cells- four haploid spermatid cells are produced, spermatids migrate to the male epididymis to become sperm
what is oogenesis
occurs in the female ovaries, begins with with a diploid germ cell called oogonium, each oogonium divides to produce two primary oocytes, roughly 3 months after conception roughly two million primary oocytes can be found in the ovaries, each of these primary oocytes are suspended un prophase 1 of meiosis until puberty, every month after puberty one primary oocyte completes meiosis however there is a unequal distribution of cytoplasm producing one secondary oocyte and one polar body, secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2 and unequally distributes cytoplasm to create a second polar body and one egg/ova however meiosis 2 of the secondary oocyte doesn't complete until fertilization occurs
why is there an unequal distribution of cytoplasm during oogenesis
Because the secondary oocyte needs as much cytoplasm as possible when it turns into an ova/egg
what is the anatomy of a sperm cell
Tail (movement) → middle piece (mitochondria) → head (nucleus and acrosome)
what is asexual reproduction
a form of reproduction which requires one parent, offspring are genetically identical
what is sexual reproduction
A form of reproduction which requires two parents, involves fertilization of gametes, offspring are genetically unique
what are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
Advantages: less energy, guaranteed offspring
Disadvantages: does not have genetic variety
what are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction
Advantages: has genetic variety
Disadvantages: takes more energy, not guaranteed
Define Spores
a reproductive cell able to develop into a new organism, spores are small and readily dispersed by the wind, spores are released by the parent body
Define binary fusion
when a bacterial cell reproduces it copies its DNA and then distributes one complete copy of that DNA into each of two identical daughter cells
define budding
A new organism develops from an outgrown of the parent body and the new organism then separates to become an independent organism
Define vegetative reproduction
reproduction in plants, a new plant grows from the growth of a modified stem
define fragmentation
the development of a new species from a fragment of the parent species
define parthanogenesis
an unfertilized egg develops into an adult
What is DNA
deoxyribonucleic Acid
what is a chromosome made of
a long strand of condensed DNA, usually in its non-condensed form called chromatin
what are the two main stages of the cell cycle
growth and division
what happens in the G1 phase
rapid growth and metabolic activity
what happens in the S phase
DNA synthesis and replication
what happens in the G2 phase
Cell prepares for division
What are three reasons why cells must divide
growth 2. maintenance 3.repair
what is time mostly spent during the cell cycle
interphase
what is metabolic activity
energy “at rest → bodies use to work
***What is the purpose of G1 and G2 phase
to grow and function in preporation for cell division
***How are sperm cells and egg cells similar and different?
Sperm cells: produced in males, equal distribution of cytoplasm, does not start at birth
Egg cells: produced in females, unequal distribution of cytoplasm, oogenesis starts at birth
Similarities: haploid, found in gonads, contributes to repopulation
What are the two main processes in cell division
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Is the mitosis continuous or ending
continuous
What is the difference between benign and malignant
benign tumors generally don't invade and spread, malignant cells are more likely to metastasize, or travel to other areas of the body
what are mutated genes called
oncogenes
what are gametes produced from
germ
what is a germ cell
any biological cell that produces gametes for organisms that reproduce sexually
***why must gametes possess 23 chromosomes
to maintain chromosome # from one gen to the next, embryos need 46
What are two key outcomes of meiosis
reduction division and recombination/genetic variety
what is interphase in meiosis
occurs before a germ cell goes through meiosis 1 and as a result the germ cell will go through G1, S, and G phases. Chromosomes will replicate producing a pair of identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere
ow many times will interphase happen in meiosis
ONCE
What is the rul to how homologous chromosomes line up in metaphase 1 and 2
There is no rule, homologous chromosomes line up randomly
what is another way of saying independent assortment (the rogers way)
Insurance policy for genetic variety
what is another term for a homologous pair
a tetrad
do individual chromosomes split
NO
Will DNA replicate again after telophase 1 of meiosis
NO
what are the three processes that ultimately ensure genetic variety in gametes
reduction division, independent assortment, crossing over
describe reduction division
a germ cell starts with 46 chromosomes. following meiosis gametes have only 23 chromosomes. As such, meiosis produces daughter cells that contain only half of the genetics of the parent
***describe independent assortment
during metaphase 1 homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell independently and randomly to each other. No one side of the genetic equator is designated for the paternal or maternal chromosome in a homologous pair giving the resulting gametes different combinations of paternal and maternal chromosomes
***describe Crossing over
During prophase 1 synapsis occurs and homolgous chromosomes pair up. During this crossing over occurs and non sister chromatids in a homologous pair may exchange pieces of their chromosomes and end up with both paternal and maternal genes
What is a non-sister chromatid
two homologous but not identical chromatids
what are the gonods
testes and ovaries
what is the name for a diploid germ cell in spermatogenesis
spermatogonium
how many spermatid are produced after 2 stages of meiosis
4 and all 4 sperm are viable
when does sperm become mature
after developing a tail
where does sperm mature
in the epididymis
when does oogenesis begin in a female
at birth
what is the name of a diploid germ cell in oogenesis
oogonium
is there a finite or infinite number of eggs in a female
finite
how many oocytes does an oogonium produce
2 primary oocytes
what hormone is needed for meiosis 2 to begin in oogenesis
follicle stimulating hormone
when is follicle stimulating hormone released in oogenesis
at puberty
what is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell
it produces enzymes used to penetrate the egg during fertilization
is an egg cell motile or non-motile
non-motile, it doesnt have a tail
describe an egg cell
a large amount of cytoplasm and a nucleus with a jelly coat that produces proteins that help guide sperm to egg and follicular cells provide proteins to the cell
what is the purpose of the jelly coat of an egg cell
it guides sperm to the egg
***If 800 000 sperm, how many parent cells divided
200 000
are both asexual and sexual reproduction successful strategies and why
both forms of reproduction exist and are used in nature by living things therefore they are successful strategies for reproduction
What is an example of binary fission
bacteria
what is an example of budding
hydra
what is an example of vegetative reproduction
strawberries
what is an example of fragmentation
potatoes and sea stars
what is an example of parthanogenesis
aphids and honey bees
what is an example of spores
fungi
BONUS what are the 6 categories of life
animals
plants
fungus
bacteria (non-extreme)
bacteria (extreme)
protists