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What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What kind of atom is carbon?
Versatile
What determines a compound’s properties?
Its functional groups
What process is used to link monomers?
Dehydration Synthesis
What process is used to take apart polymers?
Hydrolysis
What are the carbohydrate monomers?
Monosaccarides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the carbohydrate polymers?
Polysaccarides
Cellulose
Starches
Glycogen
Chitin
What is the physical shape of a carbohydrate?
Carbon rings
What is the ratio for carbohydrates?
2:1 = Hydrogen:Oxygen
What type of bond links carbohydrates together?
Glycosidic Linkage
What is a structural isomer?
One in which two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formulas but different structures
What are some common disaccharides and how are they formed?
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (malt sugar)
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)
What is the byproduct of dehydration synthesis
A water molecule
What are each of the polysaccarides used for?
Glycogen = energy storage in animals
Starches = energy storage in plants
Cellulose = structure in plants
Chitin = structure in insect cytoskeletons
What is the main difference between glycogen and amylose or amylopectin?
Glycogen has many more branched off areas
What type of energy storage are carbohydrates?
Short-term
What functional groups do carbohydrates have?
Carboxyl
Carbonyl too technically
What type of energy storage are lipids?
Long-term
What are the monomers of lipids?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What are lipid polymers?
Triglyceride
Fats, oil, wax, cholesterol, phospholipids
What functional groups do lipids have?
Carboxyl and hydroxyl
What type of bonds connects multiple lipids?
Esther Linkage
What is the base of fatty acids?
Hydro-carbon chains
Where is the energy of a lipid found?
The bonds of the hydro-carbon chains
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated:
Solids at room temp
Unsaturated:
Double bonds in hydro-carbon chains (between carbons = less hydrogen)
Hydrogenation
Lipids
When lipids are subjected to hydrogenation, the molecular structure of the fat is altered.
The process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty-acid chains, so that the hydrogen atoms are connected to the points of saturation and results in a more saturated fatty acid.
What is the structure of a phospholipid from top to bottom?
Choline, Phosphate, Glycerol, Fatty Acids
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
The head
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
The tail
What makes up a phospholipid tail?
A saturated and unsaturated fatty acid
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
What are the polymers of proteins?
Polypeptides
How many kinds of proteins are in the body?
Over 100,000
Do proteins store energy?
Nope
What can proteins do?
Practically everything!
Catalyze reactions
Store
Provide structure
Enduce hormones
Act as receptors
etc.
What are the functional groups of a protein?
Amino, Carboxyl
What are the parts of an amino acid?
An amino group, a carboxyl group, an R group
What is an R group also called?
Variable Group or Side Chain
How many types of amino acids are there?
20
How many essential and non-essential amino acids are there?
11 non-essential = can be made by body
9 essential = need to be eaten
What type of bond links proteins?
Peptide bond
Primary Structure
Protein
Determined by amino acid sequence held together by peptide covalent bonds
Alphabet/Letters
Secondary Structure
Protein
Determined by H-bonding interactions between carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids
Alpha helixes or Beta pleated sheets
Words
Tertiary Structure
Protein
Polypeptide formation through interactions between R-groups
Determines 3D shape/folding = determines function
Sentences
Quaternary Structure
Protein
Fully functional protein with one or multiple(usually) polypeptides
Paragraphs
What is the protein backbone?
N-C-C
The parts other than the R group
What is denaturing?
Immense change of shape; protein looses ability to carry out its function properly
What changes can cause denaturing?
Heat, Acidity (pH)
Can you revert after denaturing?
Nope
What does a chaperonin do?
Refold unfolded polypeptides
Renaturing (not usually common)
The protein gets dressed :D
What are DNA/RNA monomers?
nucleic acids
What are the polymers formed from nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
Polynucelotides
What does DNA code for and how?
Proteins
DNA → mRNA → Ribosome → Amino Acids → Polypeptides
What are the parts of a nucleic acid?
Phosphate group, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base
What are the two categories of nitrogenous bases?
Pyrimidines and Purines
What are the Pydrimidnes?
Cytosine, Thymine(DNA), Uracil(RNA)
What are the Purines?
Adenine, Guanine
Which nitrogenous base group has larger bases?
Purines
What is the difference between DNA and RNA
Molecular
DNA is missing one oxygen hence the name deoxyribose
Which bases bond together?
Smaller bonds with larger
DNA =
AT and GC
RNA
AU and GC
Why do the specific nitrogenous bonds link the way they do?
What bonds hold them together?
Their # of attractions
Hydrogen Bonds
What is the structural difference between purines and pyrimidines?
Pyrimidines have one ring (single rings), while purines have two (double rings)