Organic Compounds - Macromolecules

What are the 4 macromolecules?

What are the 4 macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

What kind of atom is carbon?

Versatile

What determines a compound’s properties?

Its functional groups

What process is used to link monomers?

Dehydration Synthesis

What process is used to take apart polymers?

Hydrolysis

What are the carbohydrate monomers?

Monosaccarides

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

What are the carbohydrate polymers?

Polysaccarides

• Cellulose

• Starches

• Glycogen

• Chitin

What is the physical shape of a carbohydrate?

Carbon rings

What is the ratio for carbohydrates?

2:1 = Hydrogen:Oxygen

What type of bond links carbohydrates together?

Glycosidic Linkage

What is a structural isomer?

One in which two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formulas but different structures

What are some common disaccharides and how are they formed?

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (malt sugar)

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)

What is the byproduct of dehydration synthesis

A water molecule

What are each of the polysaccarides used for?

Glycogen = energy storage in animals

Starches = energy storage in plants

Cellulose = structure in plants

Chitin = structure in insect cytoskeletons

What is the main difference between glycogen and amylose or amylopectin?

Glycogen has many more branched off areas

What type of energy storage are carbohydrates?

Short-term

What functional groups do carbohydrates have?

Carboxyl

• Carbonyl too technically

What type of energy storage are lipids?

Long-term

What are the monomers of lipids?

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What are lipid polymers?

Triglyceride

• Fats, oil, wax, cholesterol, phospholipids

What functional groups do lipids have?

Carboxyl and hydroxyl

What type of bonds connects multiple lipids?

Esther Linkage

What is the base of fatty acids?

Hydro-carbon chains

Where is the energy of a lipid found?

The bonds of the hydro-carbon chains

What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated:

• Solids at room temp

Unsaturated:

• Double bonds in hydro-carbon chains (between carbons = less hydrogen)

Hydrogenation

• Lipids

When lipids are subjected to hydrogenation, the molecular structure of the fat is altered.

• The process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty-acid chains, so that the hydrogen atoms are connected to the points of saturation and results in a more saturated fatty acid.

What is the structure of a phospholipid from top to bottom?

Choline, Phosphate, Glycerol, Fatty Acids

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The head

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The tail

What makes up a phospholipid tail?

A saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the polymers of proteins?

Polypeptides

How many kinds of proteins are in the body?

Over 100,000

Do proteins store energy?

Nope

What can proteins do?

Practically everything!

• Catalyze reactions

• Store

• Provide structure

• Enduce hormones

• Act as receptors

  • etc.

What are the functional groups of a protein?

Amino, Carboxyl

What are the parts of an amino acid?

An amino group, a carboxyl group, an R group

What is an R group also called?

Variable Group or Side Chain

How many types of amino acids are there?

20

How many essential and non-essential amino acids are there?

11 non-essential = can be made by body

9 essential = need to be eaten

What type of bond links proteins?

Peptide bond

Primary Structure

• Protein

Determined by amino acid sequence held together by peptide covalent bonds

• Alphabet/Letters

Secondary Structure

• Protein

Determined by H-bonding interactions between carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids

• Alpha helixes or Beta pleated sheets

  • Words

Tertiary Structure

• Protein

Polypeptide formation through interactions between R-groups

• Determines 3D shape/folding = determines function

  • Sentences

Quaternary Structure

• Protein

Fully functional protein with one or multiple(usually) polypeptides

• Paragraphs

What is the protein backbone?

N-C-C

• The parts other than the R group

What is denaturing?

Immense change of shape; protein looses ability to carry out its function properly

What changes can cause denaturing?

Heat, Acidity (pH)

Can you revert after denaturing?

Nope

What does a chaperonin do?

Refold unfolded polypeptides

• Renaturing (not usually common)

The protein gets dressed :D

What are DNA/RNA monomers?

nucleic acids

What are the polymers formed from nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

• Polynucelotides

What does DNA code for and how?

Proteins

• DNA → mRNA → Ribosome → Amino Acids → Polypeptides

What are the parts of a nucleic acid?

Phosphate group, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base

What are the two categories of nitrogenous bases?

Pyrimidines and Purines

What are the Pydrimidnes?

Cytosine, Thymine(DNA), Uracil(RNA)

What are the Purines?

Adenine, Guanine

Which nitrogenous base group has larger bases?

Purines

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

• Molecular

DNA is missing one oxygen hence the name deoxyribose

Which bases bond together?

Smaller bonds with larger

• DNA =

  • AT and GC

• RNA

  • AU and GC

Why do the specific nitrogenous bonds link the way they do?

• What bonds hold them together?

Their # of attractions

• Hydrogen Bonds

What is the structural difference between purines and pyrimidines?

Pyrimidines have one ring (single rings), while purines have two (double rings)