Nutrition Pt. 2

Vit. A

Vit. D

Vit. E

Vit. K

Which vitamins are fat soluble

Vit A

Vision; maintains and repairs body linings

Vit. D

Required for proper use of Ca and P for bone growth and the absorption of Ca and P from intestine

Vit. E

Excellent antioxidant

Vit. K

Blood clotting, deficiency can cause hemorrhage

Stored in the fat

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored

Vit. B

Vit. C

Which vitamins are water soluble

Urinated

Water soluble vitamins can be (blank) out

Water soluble

Ruminates can make what vitamins

False

Non-ruminate animals can synthesize water soluble vitamins (T/F)

Fat-soluble

(blank) must be fed to both ruminate to non-ruminate animals

Maintenance and reproduction

What are nutrients used for

Nutrient

Any feed constituent that functions in support of life

Diet

Feed mixture consumed by animals

Ration

Amount of the diet supplied for a specific time period

Ingredient

Constituents in the diet or feed material

Concentrate

High energy, Low in fiber diet

Cereal grains, oil meals, molasses, and dried milk products

What are concentrates made of

Roughages

High in fiber, less digestible

Lower in energy

Do not gain as fast

Legume hays

Grass hays

Straw

Gain

Silage

Stover

grass

What are roughages made of

Neutral energy balance

Energy intake = Energy Expenditure

Positive energy balance

Energy intake > Energy Expenditure

Negative energy balance

Energy Intake < Energy Expenditure

Leaner

Tall and long horses/cows appear…

Heavier

Short, compact horses/cows appear…

Pregnancy

Frame size

Hair length

What are factors that can change the appearance of an animals body condition

Evaluate Livestock

Evaluate feed/pasture

Determine requirements

Adjust feed accordingly

Adjust management accordingly

Keep accurate records

What are the steps for dietary management

Individual management

Limit time in stall

Free choice and induced exercise

Adjust energy intake

\
Creates healthier horse and decreases feed cost

Group management

Separate animals according to stage of production

Adjust energy intake

\
Decrease feed cost and all animal requirements met

Name of feed

Explanation of purpose of feed

Feeding directions

Guaranteed analysis

Ingredient list

Name and address of manufacturer

What is required to be on feed bags

Guaranteed analysis

Reveals the min and max levels of things in feed

Scurvy

Vit. C deficiency

How is scurvy prevented

Take vit. C or eat citrus

Total mixed ration (TMR)

When every needed nutrient in mixed together to work against picky animals

Corn

milo

examples of concentrates

Forage

pasture

Examples of roughages

NCR

National research council

They create textbooks that list the nutrient requirements for animals

Proximate analysis

When you separate feed components into groups according to their feeding value

Air-dry

As fed basis, how labs report

Dry-matter

Way of reporting feed analysis that leaves out the moisture

Digestibility

Refers to the amount of various nutrients in a feed that is absorbed from the digestive tract

Carbon

Nutrients that contain (blank) provide energy to animals

chemical and metabolic reaction

Majority of energy is used in…

Calorie (cal)

amount of energy or heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of water 1 C

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 C

Megacalorie (Mcal)

Equal to 1,000 kcal or 1 million calories

Digestion

Reduces feed particles to molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

Mechanical

Chemical

Enzymatic

Digestion includes what 3 actions

Mechanical breakdown

The manual breakdown of food particles

chewing

Mastication

Chewing

includes mouth, teeth, and tongue

Chemical breakdown

Digestion in the stomach

HCL

Enzymatic breakdown

Includes enzymes

Saliva includes enzymes that breakdowns food

Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down food, found in the saliva of pigs

Malatase

Lactase

Sucrase

Which enzymes break down carbs

Lipase

Which enzyme breaks down lipids

Peptidases

Which enzyme breaks down proteins

Food acquisition

Mechanical break down

Saliva

stomach

Steps of pig digestion

Adds moisture

buffers

taste

enzymatic breakdown

Functions of saliva

Chyme

liquid food mixture that proceeds from the stomach to the duodenum

To protect the stomach lining

Why does the stomach secrete mucus

HCL and pepsinogen (pepsin)

What does the stomach contain

Parietal cells

Produce HCL

Chief cells

Produce pepsinogen

Esophageal region

Where food enters the stomach, connects to esophagus

Pylorus

Where the stomach attaches to the small intestines

Duodenal hormones pancreas

(blank) cells release (blank) which stimulate enzyme release from the (blank) and bile stored in the gallbladder

Trypsin

Breaks downs proteins and polypeptides

Bile

Emulsifies fats, strong alkaline that neutralizes acidic chyme

glucose

Starch is digested into…

NPN (non-protein nitrogen)

Molecules that contain nitrogen that are not a protein

Starch → glucose

Proteins → amino acids

NPN → not absorbed

Minerals and vitamins absorped

What happens in the small intestines (pig)

Water absorption

Feces formation

What does the large intestine do (pigs)

Tongue

What is one of the main forms of nutrient acquisition in ruminates

Rumen→reticulum→omasum→abomasum

Order of ruminant stomach

Starch and fiber digested by microbes into VFA

vitamins are synthesized

What happens in the reticulo-rumen

Water absorption

What does the omasum do

Contains HCL

True digestion

What does the abomasum do

VFA

Volatile fatty acids

Through the rumen wall

Main source of energy

How are VFA’s absorbed by ruminates

Monogastric

Young ruminants are essentially…

3-4 mo

How long does it take for the rumen to become fully functional

Esophageal groove

Muscle that is active during the first 3-4 mo of life; allows milk to bypass the rumen and go straight to the abomasum

Regurgitate

To cast up digested feed into the mouth

Ruminate

Regurgitation, chewing, reswallowing

Eructate

Elimination of gas via belching

Bloat

inability to expel gas

Starch→glucose

Fiber not digested

protein→amino acids

vitamins and minerals absorbed

What does the small intestines do (horse)

Cecum

Fiber is digested and vit. B is synthesized