Studied by 30 people
Vit. A
Vit. D
Vit. E
Vit. K
Which vitamins are fat soluble
Vit A
Vision; maintains and repairs body linings
Vit. D
Required for proper use of Ca and P for bone growth and the absorption of Ca and P from intestine
Vit. E
Excellent antioxidant
Vit. K
Blood clotting, deficiency can cause hemorrhage
Stored in the fat
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored
Vit. B
Vit. C
Which vitamins are water soluble
Urinated
Water soluble vitamins can be (blank) out
Water soluble
Ruminates can make what vitamins
False
Non-ruminate animals can synthesize water soluble vitamins (T/F)
Fat-soluble
(blank) must be fed to both ruminate to non-ruminate animals
Maintenance and reproduction
What are nutrients used for
Nutrient
Any feed constituent that functions in support of life
Diet
Feed mixture consumed by animals
Ration
Amount of the diet supplied for a specific time period
Ingredient
Constituents in the diet or feed material
Concentrate
High energy, Low in fiber diet
Cereal grains, oil meals, molasses, and dried milk products
What are concentrates made of
Roughages
High in fiber, less digestible
Lower in energy
Do not gain as fast
Legume hays
Grass hays
Straw
Gain
Silage
Stover
grass
What are roughages made of
Neutral energy balance
Energy intake = Energy Expenditure
Positive energy balance
Energy intake > Energy Expenditure
Negative energy balance
Energy Intake < Energy Expenditure
Leaner
Tall and long horses/cows appear…
Heavier
Short, compact horses/cows appear…
Pregnancy
Frame size
Hair length
What are factors that can change the appearance of an animals body condition
Evaluate Livestock
Evaluate feed/pasture
Determine requirements
Adjust feed accordingly
Adjust management accordingly
Keep accurate records
What are the steps for dietary management
Individual management
Limit time in stall
Free choice and induced exercise
Adjust energy intake
Creates healthier horse and decreases feed cost
Group management
Separate animals according to stage of production
Adjust energy intake
Decrease feed cost and all animal requirements met
Name of feed
Explanation of purpose of feed
Feeding directions
Guaranteed analysis
Ingredient list
Name and address of manufacturer
What is required to be on feed bags
Guaranteed analysis
Reveals the min and max levels of things in feed
Scurvy
Vit. C deficiency
How is scurvy prevented
Take vit. C or eat citrus
Total mixed ration (TMR)
When every needed nutrient in mixed together to work against picky animals
Corn
milo
examples of concentrates
Forage
pasture
Examples of roughages
NCR
National research council
They create textbooks that list the nutrient requirements for animals
Proximate analysis
When you separate feed components into groups according to their feeding value
Air-dry
As fed basis, how labs report
Dry-matter
Way of reporting feed analysis that leaves out the moisture
Digestibility
Refers to the amount of various nutrients in a feed that is absorbed from the digestive tract
Carbon
Nutrients that contain (blank) provide energy to animals
chemical and metabolic reaction
Majority of energy is used in…
Calorie (cal)
amount of energy or heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of water 1 C
Kilocalorie (kcal)
Amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 C
Megacalorie (Mcal)
Equal to 1,000 kcal or 1 million calories
Digestion
Reduces feed particles to molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Mechanical
Chemical
Enzymatic
Digestion includes what 3 actions
Mechanical breakdown
The manual breakdown of food particles
chewing
Mastication
Chewing
includes mouth, teeth, and tongue
Chemical breakdown
Digestion in the stomach
HCL
Enzymatic breakdown
Includes enzymes
Saliva includes enzymes that breakdowns food
Amylase
Enzyme that breaks down food, found in the saliva of pigs
Malatase
Lactase
Sucrase
Which enzymes break down carbs
Lipase
Which enzyme breaks down lipids
Peptidases
Which enzyme breaks down proteins
Food acquisition
Mechanical break down
Saliva
stomach
Steps of pig digestion
Adds moisture
buffers
taste
enzymatic breakdown
Functions of saliva
Chyme
liquid food mixture that proceeds from the stomach to the duodenum
To protect the stomach lining
Why does the stomach secrete mucus
HCL and pepsinogen (pepsin)
What does the stomach contain
Parietal cells
Produce HCL
Chief cells
Produce pepsinogen
Esophageal region
Where food enters the stomach, connects to esophagus
Pylorus
Where the stomach attaches to the small intestines
Duodenal hormones pancreas
(blank) cells release (blank) which stimulate enzyme release from the (blank) and bile stored in the gallbladder
Trypsin
Breaks downs proteins and polypeptides
Bile
Emulsifies fats, strong alkaline that neutralizes acidic chyme
glucose
Starch is digested into…
NPN (non-protein nitrogen)
Molecules that contain nitrogen that are not a protein
Starch → glucose
Proteins → amino acids
NPN → not absorbed
Minerals and vitamins absorped
What happens in the small intestines (pig)
Water absorption
Feces formation
What does the large intestine do (pigs)
Tongue
What is one of the main forms of nutrient acquisition in ruminates
Rumen→reticulum→omasum→abomasum
Order of ruminant stomach
Starch and fiber digested by microbes into VFA
vitamins are synthesized
What happens in the reticulo-rumen
Water absorption
What does the omasum do
Contains HCL
True digestion
What does the abomasum do
VFA
Volatile fatty acids
Through the rumen wall
Main source of energy
How are VFA’s absorbed by ruminates
Monogastric
Young ruminants are essentially…
3-4 mo
How long does it take for the rumen to become fully functional
Esophageal groove
Muscle that is active during the first 3-4 mo of life; allows milk to bypass the rumen and go straight to the abomasum
Regurgitate
To cast up digested feed into the mouth
Ruminate
Regurgitation, chewing, reswallowing
Eructate
Elimination of gas via belching
Bloat
inability to expel gas
Starch→glucose
Fiber not digested
protein→amino acids
vitamins and minerals absorbed
What does the small intestines do (horse)
Cecum
Fiber is digested and vit. B is synthesized
Note
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