BIO: Unit 1 Study Guide

Predator/Prey
Symbiotic Relationships
- Mutualism: Both species benefit from the relationship
- Example of Mutualism: Flowers and Bees- Bees pollinate the flowers (helps the flowers) and the pollen is vital to bees.
- Commensalism: One individual benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
- Example of Commensalism: Frogs use plants as protection and the plants are not helped or harmed.
- Parasitism: One individual lives on/in another individual and causes harm.
- Example of Parasitism: Mosquitoes take blood from humans and humans get itchy and can catch disease.
Competition
- Can occur between members of the same species or members of different species.
- Competitive Exclusion Principle: Two species with identical niches cannot coexist for prolonged periods of time.
Generalist: Organisms that feed on a wide variety of food and have a wider niche
Specialist: Organisms that feed on specific things and have a narrower niche
Niche: A role an organism plays in a community

Logistics
- Limiting Factors: Factors that cause population growth to decrease.
- Density-dependent: Limiting factors that depend on population size.
  - Example: Overcrowding, disease, etc.
- Density Independent: Limiting factors that have nothing to do with population size
  - Example: Unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, human impacts, etc.
- Carrying capacity: The max number of individuals an environment can support
Exponential population growth: The trend that occurs when population growth increases with population size.
Immigration: The movement of individuals into an area.
Emigration: The movement of individuals out of an area

Primary Succession: no soil, bare rock
Secondary Succession: Soil is present
Climax community: The state where populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment
Pioneer Organisms: An organism that populates a region after a natural disaster, mass extinction, or any other event that kills off most life in the area.
Producers: Organisms that capture energy from sunlight through photosynthesis and provide food from inorganic compounds
Consumers
- Primary Consumers: Organisms that feed on producers
- Secondary: Organisms that feed on primary consumers.
- Tertiary: Organisms that obtain energy by feeding on both primary and secondary consumers

NEED:

What is Scientific Method: An observation/Inference
Steps: Observation, Ask a Question, Research or use prior knowledge, hypothesis, experiment, analyze data, conclusion, report
Controlled Experiment: an experiment where all variables in an experimental group and a comparison control group are kept the same except for one variable that is changed.
Dependent Variables: Measured during the investigation; represented on the y-axis
Independent Variables: Set by the investigator; represented on the x-axis
PURPOSE: To collect Data
- Qualitative Data: Data collected that is NOT numbers (color/shape patterns, words, etc.)
- Quantitative Data: Data represented by numbers and statistics

Individual, population, community, and ecosystem
- Biotic Factors: Living factors in an environment
- Abiotic Factors: Non-living factors in an environment

Reproduce
- Asexual: One organism makes an exact genetic copy of itself
- Sexual: Two organisms merge genetics for a genetically mixed product
Grow and develop
Made of cells
Responds to environment
Obtains and uses materials and energy
As a group, they evolve over time
Universal genetic code (DNA/RNA)
Maintain Homeostasis
- Homeostasis: The state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions- Equilibrium
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