honors bio final

alternative hypothesis

type of hypothesis that sates a relationship or effect

null hypothesis

type of hypothesis that states there is no relationship or effect

independent variable

the factor you change

dependent variable

the factor you measure

controlled variable

factors kept the same to ensure a fair test

Adhesion

water molecules sticking to other substances

Cohesion

water molecules stick to each other

surface tension

water's surface resistance to external force due to cohesion

specific heat capacity

when water resists temperature change, helping regulate the climate

what is the universal solvent

water

what are the four macromolecules

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

proteins

build structures, enzymes, hormones

lipids

long-term energy storage, cell membranes

nucleic acids

store genetic information

carbohydrates

quick energy storage

what are enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

enzyme function

lower activation energy

factors that affect enzymes

temperature, pH, and substrate concentration

Nucleolus

stores DNA

Ribosomes

make proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

processes proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

processes lipids

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts and packages proteins for storage or release in the cell

Vacuoles

used for storage, digestion and execration

Lysosomes

they breakdown lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates into small molecules within the cell

cytoskeleton

a network of protein filaments, helps transportation within the cell.

Chloroplast

capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy that's stored in food during photosynthesis

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

cell wall

lies outside the cell membrane and supports the cell shape

cell membrane

regulates what enters and leaves the cell

only animal

lysosomes

only plant

cell wall, chloroplasts

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and a membrane

Eukaryote

has nucleus and organelles

phospholipid bilayer

the structure of a cell membrane

active transport

requires energy, goes against concentration gradient

passive transport

no energy, goes with gradient

simple diffusion

molecules move directly across the membrane

facilitated diffusion

uses protein channels

endosymbiotic theory

explains how eukaryote cells evolved from prokaryotes and that the mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria.

how are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related

photosynthesis makes glucose and O2 which is used by cellular respiration to make ATP, CO2 and H2O which are then the imputes to photosynthesis

inputs of photosynthesis

CO2+H2O+sunlight

outputs of photosynthesis

O2+gluecose

inputs of cellular respiration

O2+gluecose

outputs of cellular respiration

CO2+H2O+ATP

where does photosynthesis occur

chloroplasts

where does cellular respiration take place?

cytoplasm and mitochondria

how much ATP is made from Glycolysis

2 ATP

how much ATP is made from the Krebs cycle

2 ATP

how much ATP is made from the Electron transport chain

32-34 ATP

how much ATP is made in cellular respiration in total

36-38

how do prokaryote cells divide

binary fission

cell cycle "phases"

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

interphase

G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (prep for division)

Mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

Meiosis

cell division that produces gametes, uses half the number of chromosomes

Haploid

one set of chromosomes (gametes)

diploid

Two sets of chromosomes (body cells)

Dominant alleles

show their effect even with just one copy (AA, Aa)

Recessive allele

only show when two copies are present

Genotype

genetic makeup

Phenotype

Physical appearance/expression

Homozygous dominant

Two dominant alleles (AA)

Homozygous recessive

Two recessive alleles (aa)

Heterozygous

One of each (Aa)

what are alleles

Different versions of a gene

what are punnett squares

diagrams to predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of genetic crosses

phenotypic ratio

ratio of physical traits ( 3: 1 )

genotypic ratio

ratio of allele combinations ( 1:2:1 )

Complete dominance

Dominant alleles masks the recessive trait

Incomplete dominance

Blended phenotypes ( red + white = pink )

Codominance

Both alleles are shown ( red + white = red and white spots )

what's a pedigree

a chart tracking inheritance across generations

what do squares in a pedigree stand for

males

what do circles in a pedigree stand for

females

What does it mean for a shape to be shaded or unshaded in a pedigree

not shaded=unaffected , shaded=affected

What do the lines mean in pedigrees

horizontal line=mating , vertical line = offspring

what are key molecules in DNA process

DNA: genetic material

RNA: mRNA, tRNA

Enzymes: DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, ribosomes

where does DNA replication and transcription occur

nucleolus

where does translation occur

cytoplasm on ribosomes

which codons go together in DNA

A-T, G-C

how is DNA transcribed into mRNA

A-U, T-A, G-C

what are the differences between DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded, contains Thymine and has Deoxyribose sugar ( RNA is single-stranded, uses Uracil and has Ribose sugar).

what is natural selection

the idea that individuals with the best suited traits will survive more and are more likely to reproduce and pass their traits to their offspring

what are adaptions

traits that improve an organism's fitness

what ae evidence for evolution

fossils, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology and DNA evidence

what do fossils show

evolution over time

what are the types of comparative anatomy

homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures

homologous

the same structure different function

analogous

different structure, same function

vestigial

useless structure

embryology

similar developing stages in evolution

DNA evidence

similar genes show common ancestry

allopatric speciation

new species due to geographic seperation

sympatric speciation

new species n the same area ( no physical barrier )

types of reproductive isolation ( theirs three )

Temporal, Behavioral, Geographic

Temporal isolation

when two populations become isolated because they reproduce at different times

Behavioral isolation

when two populations separate because of their behaviors

Geographic isolation

When two populations become separated by a physical barrier

flounder effect

small group starts a new population