MONOSACCHARIDES

d-glyceraldehyde

the simplest monosaccharide; a chiral molecule; important intermediate in glycolysis

dihydroxyacetone

simplest monosaccharide ketone; not chiral; important intermediate in glycolysis

glycolysis

series of reactions where glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate

d-glucose

most abundant monosaccharide in nature; primary source of human nutrition

dextrose

another name for glucose; rotates plane-polarized light to the right; also refers to 5% glucose IV solution

blood sugar

glucose concentration in blood (normal range: 70–100 mg/dl)

insulin and glucagon

hormones that regulate glucose concentration in blood

d-galactose

epimer of glucose (differs at carbon 4); important in milk sugar (lactose), glycoproteins, and blood markers

brain sugar

another name for galactose, due to its role in glycoproteins in nerve tissue

d-fructose

the most important ketohexose; sweetest sugar; found in fruits and honey

levulose

another name for fructose; rotates plane-polarized light to the left

fruit sugar

common name for fructose; present in fruits and honey

high-fructose corn syrup (hfcs)

sweetener made from corn; displacing sucrose due to longer shelf life, cheaper cost, and easier blending

d-ribose

an aldopentose; component of rna and atp

2-deoxy-d-ribose

monosaccharide in dna; differs from ribose by lacking oxygen at carbon 2

glycolysis intermediates

glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate, lactate