clin lab III - UA pt II

list the physical properties of urine

urine volume, color, transparency, odor, & S.G

list the chemical properties of urine

pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, blood, leukocytes, urobilinogen

what species can have cloudy looking urine normally?

horses and rabbits

why do horses and rabbits have cloudy urine?

because of a high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals

a pH below 7.0 is considered ____

acidic

a pH above 7.0 is considered ____

alkaline

what are examples of a condition that would be considered prerenal?

dehydration, shock, congestive heart failure, fever

what are examples of a condition that would be considered renal?

nephritis, acute renal disease

what are examples of a condition that would be considered postrenal?

uti, urethral obstruction

how long and and what speed is urine centrifuged for?

3-5 min at 1000-2000 rpm

in concentrated urine, rbc’s ____ and ____

shrink; crenate

in dilute urine, rbc’s ____ and may ____

swell; lyse

normal urine sediment contains fewer than __ to __ rbc’s/hpf

2 to 3

in concentrated urine, wbc’s ____ and in dilute urine, wbc’s ____

shrink; swell

normal urine sediment contains low numbers of wbc’s; __ to __ wbc’s/hpf

0 to 1

finding more than 2-3 wbc’s/hpf indicates ____ process somewhere in the urinary or genital tract

inflammation

wbc’s are ____ than rbc’s but ____ than renal epithelial cells

larger; smaller

a few epithelial cells found in urine can be considered ____

normal

list the three types of epithelial cells

squamous, transitional, and renal epithelial cells

____ are the largest cells observed in urine sediment and originate in distal urethra, vagina, and prepuce, and often have corners that curl/fold

squamous epithelial cells

____ originate from bladder, ureters, and pelvis. usually round in shape, an increase may indicate cystitis or pyelonephritis

transitional epithelial cells

____ originate in the renal tubules, and usually contain a large nucleus. they are the smallest epithelial cell observed in sediment. rare, but an increase may indicate renal tubular disease

renal epithelial cells

define urobilinogenuria

presence of urobilinogen in urine

define hematuria

presence of intact rbc’s in urine

define hemoglobinuria

presence of free hemoglobin in urine

define myoglobinuria

presence of myoglobin in urine

define pyuria

pus or excessive wbc’s in urine

what does TNTC mean?

“too numerous to count”

how are most of the chemical properties of urine measured?

reagent strips