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list the physical properties of urine
urine volume, color, transparency, odor, & S.G
list the chemical properties of urine
pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, blood, leukocytes, urobilinogen
what species can have cloudy looking urine normally?
horses and rabbits
why do horses and rabbits have cloudy urine?
because of a high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals
a pH below 7.0 is considered ____
acidic
a pH above 7.0 is considered ____
alkaline
what are examples of a condition that would be considered prerenal?
dehydration, shock, congestive heart failure, fever
what are examples of a condition that would be considered renal?
nephritis, acute renal disease
what are examples of a condition that would be considered postrenal?
uti, urethral obstruction
how long and and what speed is urine centrifuged for?
3-5 min at 1000-2000 rpm
in concentrated urine, rbc’s ____ and ____
shrink; crenate
in dilute urine, rbc’s ____ and may ____
swell; lyse
normal urine sediment contains fewer than __ to __ rbc’s/hpf
2 to 3
in concentrated urine, wbc’s ____ and in dilute urine, wbc’s ____
shrink; swell
normal urine sediment contains low numbers of wbc’s; __ to __ wbc’s/hpf
0 to 1
finding more than 2-3 wbc’s/hpf indicates ____ process somewhere in the urinary or genital tract
inflammation
wbc’s are ____ than rbc’s but ____ than renal epithelial cells
larger; smaller
a few epithelial cells found in urine can be considered ____
normal
list the three types of epithelial cells
squamous, transitional, and renal epithelial cells
____ are the largest cells observed in urine sediment and originate in distal urethra, vagina, and prepuce, and often have corners that curl/fold
squamous epithelial cells
____ originate from bladder, ureters, and pelvis. usually round in shape, an increase may indicate cystitis or pyelonephritis
transitional epithelial cells
____ originate in the renal tubules, and usually contain a large nucleus. they are the smallest epithelial cell observed in sediment. rare, but an increase may indicate renal tubular disease
renal epithelial cells
define urobilinogenuria
presence of urobilinogen in urine
define hematuria
presence of intact rbc’s in urine
define hemoglobinuria
presence of free hemoglobin in urine
define myoglobinuria
presence of myoglobin in urine
define pyuria
pus or excessive wbc’s in urine
what does TNTC mean?
“too numerous to count”
how are most of the chemical properties of urine measured?
reagent strips