Chapter 24 - Domestic Policy Debate
William Howard Taft
Busted trusts like Standard Oil and American Tobacco
Supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
During the Election of 1912, he split votes with Roosevelt because they had a similar voter base
Served as a Chief Justice on the Supreme Court
Was pro-business and anti-labor
Election of 1912
1912
The candidates included Eugene V. Debs, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson
Roosevelt and Taft split votes
Wilson ended up being victorious
New Nationalism
1910 - Created by Roosevelt
Roosevelt busted corrupt trusts
Government protection of human welfare and property rights
Removed anti-Progressive judges
Supported women’s suffrage
Woodrow Wilson
Won the election of 1912
Achievements included a lower tariff, the founding of the Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission, and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Played a large role in World War I and the League of Nations
New Freedom
1912 - Created by Woodrow Wilson
Believed that all trusts are bad
Mission to destroy all monopolies
If a certain trust was difficult to bust, it was placed under heavy regulation
Old Guard
Made up of Conservative Republicans
Didn’t want to accept change and wanted to slow down Progressive reforms
Against Roosevelt and Wilson
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
1909
Congress passed a law restricting the ownership of Alaskan land in an effort to protect them from commercial exploitation
Pinchot accused Ballinger of allowing corporations to abuse the land
The congressional committee sided with Ballinger
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
1902 - Nominated to Supreme Court
Increasing federal power would allow the government to regulate commerce
Against wiretapping and child labor
Louis Brandeis
“Wisconsin Idea” expert
1916 - Nominated to Supreme Court
Instrumental in shaping modern American jurisprudence
Liberal reformer
“Bull Moose” Progressive Party
Election of 1912
Theodore Roosevelt was the face of the party
Believed in direct election of senators, nationwide presidential primaries, initiative & referendum & recall, women’s suffrage, and a minimum wage
Eventually disappeared from American politics
New Immigration
1885-1917
Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
Were not accepted into American society and faced difficult assimilation
Settled in Eastern cities and Chicago
High rates of nativism against the immigrants led to immigration legislation
The Melting Pot
1908 - Written by Israel Zangwill
Believed in purifying European cultures into one unified American people
Wanted to assimilate all ethnicities
Booker T. Washington
An African-American that founded the Tuskegee Institute
Clashed with WEB Du Bois
Believed that providing African Americans with sufficient resources would allow them to pursue the American Dream
Respected white people, which was controversial
Atlanta Compromise
1895 - Created by Booker T. Washington
Praising the South for some of the opportunities it had given Blacks since emancipation, Washington asked whites to trust Blacks and provide them with opportunities so that both races could advance in industry and agriculture
Widely criticized
WEB Du Bois
Civil rights advocate
Leader of the NAACP
Wanted immediate equality for African Americans and for all racial restrictions to be removed
Tuskegee Institute
1881 - Founded by Booker T. Washington
Educated African Americans in trades and modern agriculture
Philanthropy
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896
Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine
Justified and extended Jim Crow
Denied equal protection and equal access for African Americans to public facilities
Workingmen’s Compensation Act
Passed by Woodrow Wilson
Provided financial assistance for disabled federal employees
Nineteenth Amendment
1920
Allowed for women’s suffrage
Influenced modern feminism
Underwood Tariff
Passed by Woodrow Wilson
Lowered customs duties
Income taxes were used to make up for the lost revenue
Hurt wealthy industrialists
Holding Companies
A type of financial organization that owns a controlling interest in other companies, which are called subsidiaries
Invested in stocks and controlled industries
Regulated by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Passed by Woodrow Wilson
Part of the mission of trustbusting
Protected labor unions and allowed for collective bargaining
Enforced by the Federal Trade Commission
Adamson Act
Passed by Woodrow Wilson
Provided an 8-hour workday and overtime pay for railroad workers
Federal Reserve Act
1913 - Created the Federal Reserve
Implemented to establish economic stability in the U.S. by introducing a central bank to oversee monetary policy
BIG PICTURE
Election of 1912 - Progressive Reform candidates
Progressive Reform - Greater gov’t involvement
New immigration → Diversity + nativism
Female suffrage + continued black racism
Wilson administration - New taxation + regulation + banking systems
William Howard Taft
Busted trusts like Standard Oil and American Tobacco
Supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
During the Election of 1912, he split votes with Roosevelt because they had a similar voter base
Served as a Chief Justice on the Supreme Court
Was pro-business and anti-labor
Election of 1912
1912
The candidates included Eugene V. Debs, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson
Roosevelt and Taft split votes
Wilson ended up being victorious
New Nationalism
1910 - Created by Roosevelt
Roosevelt busted corrupt trusts
Government protection of human welfare and property rights
Removed anti-Progressive judges
Supported women’s suffrage
Woodrow Wilson
Won the election of 1912
Achievements included a lower tariff, the founding of the Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission, and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Played a large role in World War I and the League of Nations
New Freedom
1912 - Created by Woodrow Wilson
Believed that all trusts are bad
Mission to destroy all monopolies
If a certain trust was difficult to bust, it was placed under heavy regulation
Old Guard
Made up of Conservative Republicans
Didn’t want to accept change and wanted to slow down Progressive reforms
Against Roosevelt and Wilson
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
1909
Congress passed a law restricting the ownership of Alaskan land in an effort to protect them from commercial exploitation
Pinchot accused Ballinger of allowing corporations to abuse the land
The congressional committee sided with Ballinger
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
1902 - Nominated to Supreme Court
Increasing federal power would allow the government to regulate commerce
Against wiretapping and child labor
Louis Brandeis
“Wisconsin Idea” expert
1916 - Nominated to Supreme Court
Instrumental in shaping modern American jurisprudence
Liberal reformer
“Bull Moose” Progressive Party
Election of 1912
Theodore Roosevelt was the face of the party
Believed in direct election of senators, nationwide presidential primaries, initiative & referendum & recall, women’s suffrage, and a minimum wage
Eventually disappeared from American politics
New Immigration
1885-1917
Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
Were not accepted into American society and faced difficult assimilation
Settled in Eastern cities and Chicago
High rates of nativism against the immigrants led to immigration legislation
The Melting Pot
1908 - Written by Israel Zangwill
Believed in purifying European cultures into one unified American people
Wanted to assimilate all ethnicities
Booker T. Washington
An African-American that founded the Tuskegee Institute
Clashed with WEB Du Bois
Believed that providing African Americans with sufficient resources would allow them to pursue the American Dream
Respected white people, which was controversial
Atlanta Compromise
1895 - Created by Booker T. Washington
Praising the South for some of the opportunities it had given Blacks since emancipation, Washington asked whites to trust Blacks and provide them with opportunities so that both races could advance in industry and agriculture
Widely criticized
WEB Du Bois
Civil rights advocate
Leader of the NAACP
Wanted immediate equality for African Americans and for all racial restrictions to be removed
Tuskegee Institute
1881 - Founded by Booker T. Washington
Educated African Americans in trades and modern agriculture
Philanthropy
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896
Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine
Justified and extended Jim Crow
Denied equal protection and equal access for African Americans to public facilities
Workingmen’s Compensation Act
Passed by Woodrow Wilson
Provided financial assistance for disabled federal employees
Nineteenth Amendment
1920
Allowed for women’s suffrage
Influenced modern feminism
Underwood Tariff
Passed by Woodrow Wilson
Lowered customs duties
Income taxes were used to make up for the lost revenue
Hurt wealthy industrialists
Holding Companies
A type of financial organization that owns a controlling interest in other companies, which are called subsidiaries
Invested in stocks and controlled industries
Regulated by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Passed by Woodrow Wilson
Part of the mission of trustbusting
Protected labor unions and allowed for collective bargaining
Enforced by the Federal Trade Commission
Adamson Act
Passed by Woodrow Wilson
Provided an 8-hour workday and overtime pay for railroad workers
Federal Reserve Act
1913 - Created the Federal Reserve
Implemented to establish economic stability in the U.S. by introducing a central bank to oversee monetary policy
BIG PICTURE
Election of 1912 - Progressive Reform candidates
Progressive Reform - Greater gov’t involvement
New immigration → Diversity + nativism
Female suffrage + continued black racism
Wilson administration - New taxation + regulation + banking systems