William Howard Taft

• Busted trusts like Standard Oil and American Tobacco

• Supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff

• During the Election of 1912, he split votes with Roosevelt because they had a similar voter base

• Served as a Chief Justice on the Supreme Court

• Was pro-business and anti-labor

Election of 1912

• 1912

• The candidates included Eugene V. Debs, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson

• Roosevelt and Taft split votes

• Wilson ended up being victorious

New Nationalism

• 1910 - Created by Roosevelt

• Roosevelt busted corrupt trusts

• Government protection of human welfare and property rights

• Removed anti-Progressive judges

• Supported women’s suffrage

Woodrow Wilson

• Won the election of 1912

• Achievements included a lower tariff, the founding of the Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission, and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• Played a large role in World War I and the League of Nations

New Freedom

• 1912 - Created by Woodrow Wilson

• Believed that all trusts are bad

• Mission to destroy all monopolies

• If a certain trust was difficult to bust, it was placed under heavy regulation

Old Guard

• Made up of Conservative Republicans

• Didn’t want to accept change and wanted to slow down Progressive reforms

• Against Roosevelt and Wilson

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

• 1909

• Congress passed a law restricting the ownership of Alaskan land in an effort to protect them from commercial exploitation

• Pinchot accused Ballinger of allowing corporations to abuse the land

• The congressional committee sided with Ballinger

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

• 1902 - Nominated to Supreme Court

• Increasing federal power would allow the government to regulate commerce

• Against wiretapping and child labor

Louis Brandeis

• “Wisconsin Idea” expert

• 1916 - Nominated to Supreme Court

• Instrumental in shaping modern American jurisprudence

• Liberal reformer

“Bull Moose” Progressive Party

• Election of 1912

• Theodore Roosevelt was the face of the party

• Believed in direct election of senators, nationwide presidential primaries, initiative & referendum & recall, women’s suffrage, and a minimum wage

• Eventually disappeared from American politics

New Immigration

• 1885-1917

• Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

• Were not accepted into American society and faced difficult assimilation

• Settled in Eastern cities and Chicago

• High rates of nativism against the immigrants led to immigration legislation

The Melting Pot

• 1908 - Written by Israel Zangwill

• Believed in purifying European cultures into one unified American people

• Wanted to assimilate all ethnicities

Booker T. Washington

• An African-American that founded the Tuskegee Institute

• Clashed with WEB Du Bois

• Believed that providing African Americans with sufficient resources would allow them to pursue the American Dream

• Respected white people, which was controversial

Atlanta Compromise

• 1895 - Created by Booker T. Washington

• Praising the South for some of the opportunities it had given Blacks since emancipation, Washington asked whites to trust Blacks and provide them with opportunities so that both races could advance in industry and agriculture

• Widely criticized

WEB Du Bois

• Civil rights advocate

• Leader of the NAACP

• Wanted immediate equality for African Americans and for all racial restrictions to be removed

Tuskegee Institute

• 1881 - Founded by Booker T. Washington

• Educated African Americans in trades and modern agriculture

• Philanthropy

Plessy v. Ferguson

• 1896

• Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine

• Justified and extended Jim Crow

• Denied equal protection and equal access for African Americans to public facilities

Workingmen’s Compensation Act

• Passed by Woodrow Wilson

• Provided financial assistance for disabled federal employees

Nineteenth Amendment

• 1920

• Allowed for women’s suffrage

• Influenced modern feminism

Underwood Tariff

• Passed by Woodrow Wilson

• Lowered customs duties

• Income taxes were used to make up for the lost revenue

• Hurt wealthy industrialists

Holding Companies

• A type of financial organization that owns a controlling interest in other companies, which are called subsidiaries

• Invested in stocks and controlled industries

• Regulated by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• Passed by Woodrow Wilson

• Part of the mission of trustbusting

• Protected labor unions and allowed for collective bargaining

• Enforced by the Federal Trade Commission

Adamson Act

• Passed by Woodrow Wilson

• Provided an 8-hour workday and overtime pay for railroad workers

Federal Reserve Act

• 1913 - Created the Federal Reserve

• Implemented to establish economic stability in the U.S. by introducing a central bank to oversee monetary policy

BIG PICTURE

• Election of 1912 - Progressive Reform candidates

• Progressive Reform - Greater gov’t involvement

• New immigration → Diversity + nativism

• Female suffrage + continued black racism

• Wilson administration - New taxation + regulation + banking systems