Mr. Ortiz Semester Two Test

Good luck :) (important questions are marked with *important*)

Bull/Bear Markets

Bull is when stock market and economy is good(rising stock prices). Bear is the opposite.

Speculation

Buying with idea of paying on earnings made from a stock later. Predicting how the market will turn out.

Buying on margin

Buying stocks with borrowed money from broker. Can buy more stocks because it is not actually the money you have.

Installment plan

a method of paying for something in which a person pays part of the cost immediately and then makes regular payments until the debt is completely paid. Monthly payments after down payment.

Margin call

When a stock falls a broker would demand the investor to repay their loan immediately. All debts need to be payed.

  Oct 29th 1929

Black Tuesday. 10 to 15 billion dollar loss in value in the stock market. The stock market crash

Recession/Depression/recovery

Recession causes higher prices for goods, inflation rates, and unemployment rates. Then in a depression it is the highest prices for goods, inflation rates, and unemployment rates. A recovery is lower prices for goods, inflation rates, and unemployment rates.

  Flappers

Women in the 1920s who had a more unconventional, new, and “scandalous” style and behaviour. They danced with unmarried men, smoked, drank, and even bobbed their hair. So inappropriate.🙄🙄🙄

Run on bank

People did not have insurance on their savings so when banks ran out of money they lost everything. Customers were all trying to withdraw their money at the same time and banks were bled dry and forced to close. People literally ran to their nearest banks and pushed and tried to get in first to get their money.

Hooverville

Shanty towns named after President Hoover for his lack of help for the citizens suffering from the depression. Many of these homeless citizens lived together in these packed towns with makeshift buildings and shelters.

Dust Bowl

In the 1930s the Great Plains region of the US suffered a period of serious dust storms and drought. This was caused by years of poor farming practices and the ground literally being sucked of all nutrients and turned into dust. The wind easily picked all this up and hurled it at countless farms and towns.

Okies

Term for immigrants flocking from the midwest to California. Though it was for people from Oklahoma it was also used in general for all people from the midwest.

Bonus army & event

10,000 World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932, demanding early payment of a promised bonus. They took over deserted buildings in Central DC and Hoover ordered MacArthur to clear the protesters out. The military literally killed veterans.

FDR & New Deal

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Democrat New York governor and ran in 1932, winning by a landslide. He went right to work, calling Congress into a special 3 month session and passing 15 major bills to start relief. The Emergency banking act saved the banks in America, the CCC act put people to work in public works, the Homeowners Refinancing Act provided mortgages insurance keeping people in their homes, the AAA paid farmers not to raise certain crops to lower crop product, the banking act created the FDIC protecting personal deposits, and the farm credit act offered loans to farmers with generous interests to help agricultural needs. This did not end the depression but certainly helped.

The 3 R’s

FDR’s goal in the New Deal. Relief, recovery, and reform.

20th Amendment

Passed on January 23, 1933 this moved the inauguration day from March 4th to January 20th for the president.

Fireside chats

Set up by FDR March 13, 1933, he spoke on the radio to people at home and assured citizens that the banks were now secure. Very pleasing and good for America.

Glass-Steagall Act

June 16, 1933, this separated commercial banking from investment banking and forced companies to provide complete and truthful information to investors. Created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the Stock Market and prevent fraud and also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to provide government insurance for Bank deposits up to 250,000

FDIC & workings

Federal Deposit insurance Corporation. Provides government insurance for Bank deposits up to 100,000. It protects depositors of insured banks against losses if a bank fails. Today it protects up to $250,000.

First 100 days

FDR went to work immediately after being inaugurated. His first 100 days, as he called them, showed what he wanted to do and if he would be a good president. Now it is commonly used to see if a president will really do much in his or her term and if they are active and ready to serve.

Packing the court

The supreme court did not like FDR’s new Deal so he made a plan to “pack the court” in 1937. He asked Congress to pass a bill to increase the number of justices on the supreme court from 9 to 15 judges. America saw this as too much power for the president and denied it.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty between the allies and Germany to end WW1. Signed on June 28, 1919 it imposed harsh terms on Germany, including territorial losses, military limitations, and massive reparations. It blamed Germany for the whole war and caused great bitterness in the country. It also contributed to the rise of dictators in Europe.

Fascism

a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Opposed to Marxism, democracy, anarchism, pluralism, free markets, egalitarianism, communism, liberalism, and socialism, fascism is at the far right of the traditional left–right spectrum. (Yw for the wikipedia definition 😀) Mussolini founded this party in 1919. The nation was more important than the individual and focused on territorial expansion.

important Who is better Taylor Swift or Sabrina Carpenter? 🤨

Stop using these flashcards if you said Taylor Swift.

Sabrina> > > > > >

Benito Mussiolini

Was the Italian prime minister and then il Duce (fascist dictator) from 1925-1943. Founded Italian fascism and taught Hitler many of the fascist ideologies. Took over Italy through using his black shirts (thugs) and appealed to nationalism and power, which many loved.

Mein Kampf

“My struggle” written in 1925 by Hitler. Outlined many of Hitler's political beliefs, his political ideology and future plans for Germany and the world. He claimed Jews were responsible for all the problems in Germany and believed in the Master Race.

Beer hall Putsch

Failed attempt by the Nazi Party in November 1923 to take control of the Bavarian government in Munich, Germany. Hitler was arrested and later put in jail.

Tojo/Hirohito

Hideki Tojo was the Prime Minister of Japan from 1941-1945. Hirohito was the emperor (only symbolic not political) of Japan until his death in 1989. Japan surrendered only if Hirohito would be allowed to remain emperor.

Sept 1 1939

Germany invaded Poland, and England and France declared war on Germany. WW2 had officially begun.

Operation Barbarossa

June 21st 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union with the code name operation Barbarossa. Involved around 4 million axes troops and ramped up WW2, opening the eastern front and ultimately leading to Stalin joining the allies.

Blitzkrieg

Hitlers new technique of using a wave of aerial bombing immediately followed by armored division and then regular army troops. Used to take practically all his enemies out in Europe except Britain. (churchill the goat 🥶) Also called lighting war this was quick, destructive, and worked horrendously well for Nazi Germany.

Battle for Britain 

7th September 1940 - 11 May 1941, Hitler nightly bombed the civilian population of London and major British cities. Churchill spoke nightly to keep his peoples hopes up and the king and queen would walk the streets of bombed cities to talk to citizens. Citizens of London could hide in the underground transportation system and Hitler ultimately failed in taking the UK.

Carpet/strategic bombing

Strategic was used by Americans and targeted strategic locations during the day. Carpet bombing was done at night by the British and was extensive aerial bombing to completely level large areas of land. Dropping a number of unguided bombs to cover the land like a thick carpet.

May 8th 1945

Nazis surrendered unconditionally to allies and Victory in Europe day was celebrated across the globe. Hitlers hand had been lifted off of the crippled and suffering European countries. The war in Europe was over.

important Why is Harry Styles so good?

A. He has an amazing voice

B. He has amazing fashion

C. He is super nice

D. His songs are super good

E. All of the above

E.

Battle of Midway/Iwo jima

Midway was from June 4-June 7, 1942 and was a major defeat of the Japanese navy as their expansion was stopped and their downfall began. Battle of Iwo Jima was February 19, 1945-March 26, 1945. Most known battle of the pacific and the island became the staging point for the rest of the war.

Super powers

A superpower country is a nation with dominant global influence, characterized by its strength in economic, military, technological, and political spheres. It's a country whose actions and decisions significantly impact international affairs, to the point where the world community cannot ignore its position. They have nukes too 😹. The US and Soviet Union were superpowers through their atomic power.

2 ideologies of Cold war

Communism: Karl Marx, who believed in a works revolution to topple capitalism and build common society with no private property or rulers.

Capitalism: Adam Smith, belief in the power of profit and capital (money) and the ownership of property and material possessions ruled by an upper class of elites.

1949 & significance

China turned into a communist country and the Truman Doctrine was to give money to any country willing to fight communism and remain a democracy.

March 1948

Stalin stopped all traffic into his zone of Germany and stopped supplies to west Berlin, which the allies control. West Berlin was stranded, surrounded by communism on all sides with resources running out.

Berlin Airlift

June 1948-May 1949. Truman decided to find a way to supply west Berlin without going into Soviet soil. Planes landed and took off every 3 minutes and 6.5 tons of supplies were delivered in one day.

McCarthy/MaCarthyism

McCarthy was a Republican senator from Wisconsin who was an alcoholic and scared he would not be reelected. He was a joke. At a luncheon he referred to a list of 200 known communists and started the second red scare by claiming much of the US government was communist. McCarthyism terms used to make accusations of subversion and treason without real proof.

HUAC

House Un-American Activities Committee created in 1938 and headed by McCarthy in 1947. It blacklisted people, especially those in Hollywood. Was super sketchy and ruined thousands of lives.

Hollywood 10

Group of people in hollywood who stood up to McCarthy and spent one year in prison. They refused to cooperate with the HUAC and protested McCarthy.

38th & 17th parallel

Korea split at the 38th parallel, north was communist and south was democratic. 17th parallel separated communist north Vietnam and democratic south Vietnam.

Domino/Containment theory

The domino theory was a Cold War policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like a row of dominos. The containment theory, a cornerstone of US Cold War foreign policy, aimed to prevent the expansion of Soviet influence and communism. This strategy involved containing communism within its existing borders and preventing its spread through various means, including diplomacy, economic aid, and military interventions.

Fallout shelter

Underground bunkers countless American families made to hide from nuclear fallout and bombs when they were launched. Pretty useless as there would not be much point hiding if the whole world would be destroyed, and silly things like putting cell phones into the bunkers revealed the citizens ignorance and lack of understanding on how devastating a nuclear war would actually be.

Cuba & crisis

Cuba’s leader Fidel Castro was a target of the US government. They tried countless things to take him out but none ever worked. After he survived these attempts, he had the US as one of his top enemies and befriended the Soviet Union. As spy US planes flew over Cuba they saw many missile silos being constructed which would shoot nuclear missiles that could fly almost as far as Seattle, basically being able to hit any town in the US. Eventually the Soviets and US agreed to take down these silos, as the US would also take down missile silos near Russia, and the crisis was over. However, this was a massive scare for America.

Russia 1980 & response

In December of 1979 Russia invaded Afghanistan thinking they could take the country easily and make it communist. The US did not want this to happen at all, and throughout the 1980s supplied terrorist Afghanistan groups in using weapons and fighting against Soviet troops. Eventually this worked to rid Afghanistan of Russia, but what was left was numerous terrorists like Osama bin Laden who had been trained and given many high tech weapons and could wreak havoc across the globe. These terrorists were the reason for disasters like 9/11 and had literally been trained by the US.

M. Gorbachev

In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union. As he took power he realized just how bad the situation for the Soviet Union had become. Money was the real issue, as they were running out of funds and their power was losing its control all across the “unified” countries. When the Berlin wall fell in 1989 Gorbachev could offer no help to East Berlin. Throughout the next years more and more communist countries revolted and fell away, and eventually the Soviet Union was dissolved by Gorbachev in 1991. He was the last leader of the Soviet Union.

perestroika/Glasnost

Glasnost translates as 'transparency. ' It refers to a significant increase in individual freedom of expression in political and social aspects of life in the Soviet Union. Perestroika was the policy of "restructuring" and reforming the economic and political system of the Soviet Union. These were both strategies of Gorbachev to hopefully increase popularity and keep countries from leaving the union. This did not work and as people gained more freedom they just kept wanting more, eventually leaving communism. Instead of fixing the Soviet Union these strategies brought it to its inevitable end.

Berlin Wall

The Berlin wall was constructed in 1961 to divide East Berlin, which the soviets controlled, and West Berlin, which was controlled by the US and it's allies. As unrest continued in the Soviet union people from east Berlin actually went to the wall and tried getting through or over it to get freedom in the west. As more and more people congregated at the wall trying to get through it, the East Berlin government asked Gorbachev and the Soviet Union for help to shut down the protests, but no help came. The wall was broken down on November 9, 1989 and the division between east and west Berlin was over.

SDI or Star Wars

This was Ronald Reagan and the US’s alleged plan to defend America from space and stop any Soviet nuclear missiles from hitting the country. This was unrealistic and impossible as the US did not have close to this level of technology, but propaganda was used to make it seem like America was this advanced and could take down any missiles coming towards America through using blasters, planes in space, and even mirrors reflecting lasers. It was really fictional and America could never develop this level of technology to fight missiles in space like that.

Nov. 9th 1989

The Berlin wall dividing east and west Berlin was destroyed. It had been up since 1961 and was a sign of communism and division. Its destruction revealed how weak the Soviet Union was and how communism and the age of the dictators was coming to a swift end.

Dec 26th 1991

The Soviet Union was officially dissolved and the cold war period technically came to an end. Independence movements, economic issues, and Gorbachev’s resignation were all factors of the Unions destruction. People were tired of communism and having little to no freedom. They wanted democracy and more rights.