Unit 4 APUSH

steerage

lowest class/third class on steamships

Western Europe

where 85% of the immigrants were from pre-1880

Eastern/Southern Europe

where immigrants were from post-1880

England, Ireland, Germany, France

Western Europe

Italy, Russia, Greece

Eastern/Southern Europe

2 weeks

length of the journey to the U.S. via steamship for European immigrants

Castle Garden

first big immigration center in New York

Ellis Island

immigration center in New York, mainly processed Europeans

Angel Island

Ellis Island of West Coast, processed Asian immigrants and therefore turned away more

Chinese immigrants

tended to do manual labor (mines/railroads)

Japanese immigrants

typically richer and educated

Denis Kearney

Irish immigrant, leading Anti-Chinese immigration movement, slogan “The Chinese Must Go,” spoke around California with the support of the Workingman’s Party

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

stopped immigration from China; some came only if they had relatives, certain jobs, money, education, etc

Gentlemen’s Agreement

procured by Teddy Roosevelt, a deal with Japan that said we would stop segregating schools as long as Japanese immigrated immigration to wealthier

Americanization Movement

to teach “American customs/history, hoped immigrants would give up their culture (ex: Henry Ford fired many immigrants but they had to take classes for citizenship)

assimilation

give up your old ways (melting pot)

acculturation

still have traditional customs/heritage, along with American citizenship (salad)

Fifty-Niners

people who went to Pike’s Peak in Colorado for gold

Comstock Lode of 1859

one of the largest silver deposits in the world, made Virginia City basically

Homestead Act of 1862

gave 160 acres off land to an individual who could stay on land for 5 years and improve (farm) it

American Progress by John Gast (1872)

idea of moving West is popular now, woman represents Manifest Destiny

BARD

four factors in “taming” Natives

B: Buffalo extermination: important for Plains Indians culturally and for food

A: Alcohol: Natives had no tolerance and got addicted very quickly, agreed to trade it for things

R: Railroads: Brought troops, supplies, settlers, while pushing Natives away

D: Disease: Natives had no resistance

Great Plains Indians

hundreds of tribes + languages, had good farmland, buffalos were important to them

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851+1866)

attempted to ensure peace along the Oregon Trail and allowed for the establishment of military posts and roads while recognizing tribal territories in the Great Plains

Treaty of Fort Atkinson

allowed for roads to be used and for military posts and such like settlements to be constructed on Indian land

Indian Territory Oklahoma

Plains Indians were moved here, which caused conflict with neighboring tribes and sometimes gov. took land back

Great Sioux Reservation

Northwest Natives were moved here (South Dakota), but when gold was discovered, the gov. wanted them out, causing the Great Sioux War

Battle of Little Bighorn

part of the Great Sioux War, where General Custard disobeyed orders, attacked a group, and he and all his men were killed

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

South Dakota, soldiers thought the Ghost Dance was a war dance, and killed many

Dawes Act

U.S. gov. passed to integrate Natives more, but it hurt them by taking away reservations and introduced “Indian Schools” — gave 160 acre of land to “heads of families” and they could have citizenship after 25 years of improving it

Carlisie Indian Industrial School

to train Native American children for workforce, stripped them of their culture (not allowed to speak)

Helen Hunt Jackson

wrote “Century of Dishonor” and “Ramona,” criticized treatment of Natives

The Sooners - Oklahoma Land Rush 1890s

Oklahoma land, which had once belonged to Natives, sold off in “land rushes”

Railway Act of 1862

fed. gov. will now help build telegraph and railroad line for a trans-continental railroad (subsidize, constitutional because it was for the postal service)

Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Charles Crooker

the Big Four/The Associates who paid for the other half of railroad lines (they all got rich selling supplies during the Gold Rush)

Promontory, Utah

where the trans-continental railroad met

Union Pacific

the half of the railroad paid for by the gov.

Central Pacific

the half of the railroad paid for by California businessmen

Buffalo Soldiers

unit of African-American soldiers sent west (mainly stayed), built forts/telegraphs

Beef Barons

corporations owning beef industry and cattle (ex: Swift and Armour, mainly in Chicago)

Long Drive

the cowboy journey across plains to cow towns near trains that would take them East to be slaughtered

Barbed Wire Wars

people put up fences so animals and crops weren’t destroyed by cowboys, which cowboys disliked, and which led to some bloody conflict

Riparian Rights

dam up water supply, some people lost access, which led to some bloody conflict

mail-order catalogue

received biyearly, could order anything

pioneer women

in the West, women often worked hand-in-hand with men to improve land, meaning they had more freedomsW

Wyoming

first place women could vote

Exodusters

black people moving West for less prejudice, but they struggled to improve land (some were cowboys)

Mexican-American War impact

closed frontier, 1890 census announced

Frederick Jackson Turner

historian who wrote “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893) about how the frontier gave us our identity (Frontier Thesis)

Looking Backward

book about a man who fell asleep and woke up in 2000, where there was no poverty, wealth gap, or taxes (socialism a little)

Looking Backward author

Edward Bellamy

Charles Guiteau

assassinated President James Garfield because he thought Chester Arthur would give him a position

Great Strike of 1877 cause

railway workers against wage cuts

Great Strike of 1877 impact

spreads to other states, states pass anti-union laws, fed. gov. is prepared to put down strikes

Elizabeth Gurley Flynn

made speeches during strikes for the IWW

Little Red Book

Joe Hill’s book

horizontal integration

buying out small businesses

vertical integration

owning all means of production

Dwight Moody

significant in Social Gospel

William Rauschenbush

not Dwight Moody, significant in Social Gospel

How the Other Half Lives

book by Jacob Riis about poverty/poor living conditions

American Beauty Rose

book by Rockefeller that justified his brutal business practices

initiative

if enough people sign a petition, they can put it on the ballot

referendum

people can vote on laws, not just lawmakers

recall

if enough people sign a petition, they can hope to recall an elected official

16th Amendment

income tax

17th Amendment

direct election of Senators

Robert La Follettte

“Fighting Bob,” Republican who came up with the “Wisconsin Idea,” supported political and environmental reform

Wisconsin Idea

idea that gov. should be at will of people

Hiram Johnson

progressive Republican governor of California that supported political reform and women’s suffrage

Julia Lathrop

appointed as the first director of the Children’s Bureau under Taft

Candidates in Election of 1912

Debs, Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft

17th and 18th Amendment

amendments passed under Wilson

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

beginning to regulate our printed money, still used today

Volsted Act

gave gov. authority to enforce amendment

Lucy Burns

in NWP, arrested for speaking out against gov (Sedition + Espionage Act)

conservation

to try to use things wisely (replanting)

preservation

completely preserve something in its natural state

Ethnocentrism

idea that we are the best, so everyone should be the same

Albert Beveridge

says we need colonies to be more powerful during Panic of 1893

Chicago World’s Fair of 1893

where Turner presents his Frontier Thesis, human zoo, Ferris Wwheel

John Hay

sends the Open Door Notes of 1899 to keep open trade with China, then cements it by putting down the Boxer Rebellion in China of Nationalists wanting to get rid of foreign influence

railroad

populists called for the government to regulate this

Wabash v. Illinois

court case that said states did not have the right to control interstate commerce

President Cleveland

oversaw the appeal of the sherman silver purchase act

bimetallic

the use of both silver and gold to back paper money

Bland-Allison Act

this called for the government to buy at least 2 million of silver in 1878

Bread and Roses Strike

another name for the Lawrence Textile strike

Mark Twain

coined the term gilded age

Richard Olney

attorney general who called troops to stop Coxey and the Pullman Strike

The Grange Movement

movement by farmers angry over being in debt to creditors, to improve farming conditions

Crime of 1873

embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

use of more silver, repealed in 1893

Farmers’ Alliance

union of farmers who called for income tax, railroad regulation, free silver

Cross of Gold

speech by William Jennings Bryan that said the use of gold would be like crucifying the poor

Interstate Commerce Act

backed by the Interstate Commerce Commission, regulated railroad pay for farmers

Denis Kearney

Irish immigrant who was head of anti-Chinese idea, spoke around California