Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Functions of the integumentary system

Includes physical protection, Vitamin D synthesis, sensation, excretion, temperature regulation, and innate immunity.

Skin layers

Anatomy and histological characteristics include the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers.

Hair characteristics

Types, appearance, and growth cycle of hair in the integumentary system.

Eccrine glands

Sweat glands that help with thermoregulation and are abundant on the palms and soles.

Apocrine glands

Sweat glands found in the armpits and groin, associated with hair follicles.

Skin color

Determined by the presence of melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene.

Dermatological features

Includes freckles, moles, scales, calluses, birthmarks, and fingerprints.

Skin infections

Common infections include boils, carbuncles, athlete's foot, impetigo, and cellulitis.

Melanoma

A type of skin cancer originating from melanocytes, characterized by abnormal pigmentation.

Dermal dendritic cells

Cells involved in the cutaneous immune response found in the dermis.

Necrosis

Cell death due to injury or disease, leading to tissue damage.

Axial skeleton

Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular skeleton

Comprises the limbs and the pelvic girdles.

Ball and socket joint

Type of joint that allows for rotational movement, e.g., shoulder and hip.

Osteon

The basic structural unit of compact bone, consisting of a central canal surrounded by lamellae.

RANKL

A protein crucial for the maturation of bone cells.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage.

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder causing inflammation in joints.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones due to loss of bone density.

Muscular system functions

Involves movement, blood circulation, and heat production.

Agonist muscles

Muscles that contract to produce a movement.

Antagonist muscles

Muscles that relax to allow a movement to occur.

Skeletal muscle contraction

Process involving excitation-contraction coupling and cross-bridge cycling.

Myasthenia gravis

An autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness.

Polymyalgia rheumatica

An inflammatory disorder causing muscle pain and stiffness.

Botulism

A serious illness caused by toxins produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.

Fibromyalgia

A condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain.

Cardiac muscle function

Involved in pumping blood through the circulatory system.

Smooth muscle function

Facilitates involuntary movements, such as peristalsis in the digestive tract.

Cervical vertebrae

The set of seven vertebrae in the neck.

Thoracic vertebrae

The twelve vertebrae located in the upper and mid-back.

Lumbar vertebrae

The five vertebrae in the lower back.

Muscle spindle fibers

Sensory receptors that monitor muscle stretch and help regulate muscle tone.

Erythema nodosum

An inflammatory disorder marked by painful, red nodules under the skin.

Myotonic dystrophy

A genetic disorder that affects muscle function.

Albinism

A congenital disorder characterized by the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.

Fracture classification

Salter-Harris system categorizes fractures affecting growth plates.

Ankylosing spondylitis

A type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine.

Paget disease of bone

A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and weakened bones.

Gluteus maximus

The largest muscle in the buttock, involved in hip extension.

Biceps brachii

Muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow and rotates the forearm.

Tibialis anterior

Muscle responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot.

Gastrocnemius

The calf muscle that helps in plantar flexion of the foot.

Trapezius

Muscle that stabilizes and moves the shoulder blades.

Pectoralis major

Chest muscle that plays a major role in arm movement.

Masseter

Muscle involved in chewing, located in the jaw.

Meniscus tears

Injuries to the cartilage in the knee.

Soleus

Muscle that lies beneath the gastrocnemius, responsible for plantar flexion of the foot.

Deltoid

Shoulder muscle involved in arm abduction.

External intercostals

Muscles that assist with inhalation by raising the rib cage.

Internal intercostals

Muscles that assist with exhalation by lowering the rib cage.

Rectus abdominis

The abdominal muscle responsible for flexing the vertebral column.

Diaphragm

Primary muscle of respiration that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Infraspinatus

Shoulder muscle that helps with external rotation of the arm.

Flexor carpi radialis

Wrist muscle that flexes and abducts the hand.

Extensor digitorum

Muscle responsible for extending the fingers.

Overall skin function

Acts as a barrier to protect underlying tissues.

Basal cell carcinoma

Most common form of skin cancer, arises from basal cells.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Skin cancer that originates in squamous cells.

Kaposi's sarcoma

A cancer that forms in the lining of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

Merkel cell carcinoma

A rare and aggressive skin cancer arising in Merkel cells.

Vitiligo

An autoimmune condition causing loss of skin color.

Bullous pemphigoid

An autoimmune blistering skin disease.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A severe reaction that causes skin and mucous membrane blistering.

Erythema multiforme

An acute hypersensitivity reaction affecting the skin.

Chronic fatigue syndrome

A debilitating condition characterized by extreme fatigue.

Asthma's effect on skin

Can lead to dry skin and eczema.

Impetigo

A highly contagious skin infection that causes red sores.

Loss of bone density

Can be influenced by aging, exercise, and nutrition.

Clotting

The process of blood coagulation to stop bleeding.

Inflammation

The body’s response to injury or infection.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a normal part of growth.

Aging effects on skin

Includes decreased elasticity and increased wrinkles.

Types of burns

Classified as first, second, and third-degree based on severity.

Thermoregulation

The process by which the body maintains its internal temperature.

Innate immunity

The body's first line of defense against infection.

Sensation

The ability to perceive changes in the environment through sensory receptors.

Excretion

Process of eliminating waste products from the body.

Nails

Protective coverings on the tips of fingers and toes.

Skin texture

Refers to the smoothness or roughness of the skin.

Skin aging process

Includes thinning of the epidermis and loss of dermal collagen.

Freckles

Small brown spots on the skin due to sun exposure.

Genetic factors in skin disorders

May influence susceptibility to various skin diseases.

Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)

A chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae.

Psoriasis

A chronic autoimmune condition that results in scaly patches on the skin.

Dermatitis

An inflammation of the skin causing redness and itching.

Skin cancer risk factors

Includes UV exposure, family history, and skin type.

Diagnosis of skin conditions

May involve visual inspection, biopsy, or imaging studies.

Treatment options for eczema

Include topical steroids, moisturizers, and antihistamines.

Reconstruction after skin damage

May involve grafting or other surgical techniques.

Affect of sun exposure on skin

Can lead to sunburn, skin aging, and cancer.

Diagnosis of skin cancer

Usually confirmed with a biopsy.

Role of Vitamin D

Essential for bone health and immune function.

Components of skin

Include hair, nails, glands, and sensory receptors.

Cross-bridge cycling

The process of muscle contraction through myosin and actin interaction.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A hereditary condition characterized by muscle degeneration.

Muscle twitches

Involuntary contractions of muscle fibers.

Total body calcium content

Maintained through dietary intake and hormonal regulation.

Nerve growth factor in muscles

Important for the survival and maintenance of certain neurons.

Golgi tendon organ

Receptor that senses changes in muscle tension.