Chem 11 Chapter 1

Prep for Wed Quiz

matter

any substance, composed of particles(atoms and molecules)

Chemistry

Study of matter and its properties

states of matter

solid liquid gasa and plasa

solid

particles are not able to move freely. Has definite shape and volume

Liquid

particles can move but that movement is somewhat limited because of this type of strucutre. The shape is defined by the container. Volume is fixed.

Gas:

atoms or particles can move freely and has indefinite shape and volume.

Matter is a pure substance if

if it is made of one type of substance

matter is a mixture

if it is made out of multiple substances

If a pure substance can be separated, it is a

compound

if a pure substance can't be serperated its an

element

Element

can not be serpated into simplier particles

Compound

2 or more elements

Molecules

ex. water

homogenous mixture

a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout

heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture. ex.

The conservation of Matter(mass)

matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction

Chemistry laws

outline the properties of atoms and molecules based on theories of atomic structure.

energy

In a nuclear reaction atoms can be turned into

When a log burns completely

the mass that formed the log is tunred into gas release into the air.

The law of definte porportions states that:

All samples of a given compound have the same portion of the consistent elements, regardless of their source or how they were prepared.

potential energy is released when

chemical bond is broken.

The law of multiple porportions

when two elements call them A and B form to diffrent components the massses of element B that combine with 1g of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole number..

The law of definite proportions______________

applies to two or more samples of the same compound, whereas the law of multiple proportions applies to one compound.

amount of a substance 6.022×10^(23)

mole denoted as mol

Electric current

Ampere denoted as A

unit of measurement for the brightness:

Candela denoted as cd

Boiling point Celcius

100c

boilding point kelvin

373k

Freezing point Celcius

0c

Freezing point kelvin

273k

absolute zero farinheit

-459.67f

absolute 0 kelvin

0k

Giga

G scientific notation 10^9

Mega

M 10^6

Kilo

K 10^3

Deci

D 10^-1

Centi

C 10^-2

Milli

m 10^-3

Micro

μ 10^-6

Nano

n 10^-9

Pico

p 10^-12

unit conversion values

are exact and have infinte number of sig figs

ex. 536

All nonzero values are significant: (give example)

4 sig figs

.1235

6709

4 sig figs

2 sig figs

.0045

1 sig fig

How many sig figs in 7000

4 sig figs

How many sig figs in 24040

2 zeros are important if

6.00 x 10^-2

.00600

3 sig figs

4 sig figs

how many sig figs in : 6709

Dalton’s Atomic Theory states:

1. All elements are composed of Atoms

2. All atoms of an element have the same mass and Properties

3. Atoms combine in sample whole #ratios to form molecules

   1. Atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element

Nuclear Atomic Model states:

1. The mass of an atom is primarily in the nucleus (all protonos and neutrons are contained in nucleus)

2. The volume of an atom is mostly empty space with electrons dispersed

3. All atoms are neutral

The number of protons always equals

the number of electrons

The most popular atomic model

is the bohr model which shows electrons rotating the nucleus also called the solar system model.

Protons are _____ charged

positively

Neutrons are ________ charged

neutral and aren’t charged

Electrons are _______ charged

negatively charged

charge of an electron is _____ __ _____ ______ ______ ____ proton

equal to but opposite in sign to

Atomic number=

# protons

mass number=

number of protons plus the number of neutrons

Isoptopes of elements have diffrent # of ______ but the same number of ______

protons, neutrons

elements stay netural because the ______ number is not changing.

Neutron

Atomic mass=

Σₙ(fractional isotope 1 x mass of isotope 1) + (fractional isotope 2 x mass of isotope 2) + ...

Ions:

have positive and negative charge and are a result of either gainig an electron or losing an electron.

Cation

minus an electron

anion

plus a electron

when multiplying two numbers the answer alwways has ______ sig figs.

THe least number of sig figs

when dividing two numbers the answer alwways has ______ sig figs.

The least amount of sig figs.

When adding or subtracting numbers the answer always has the _________ amount of sig figs

most

(1/2)MV²

Kenetic energy (KE)=

The SI unit of energy Joule (J):=

J=kg x ms²/S²

1 calorie (cal)

4.184 joules (J)

1 Calorie (Cal) or KIlo Calorie (kcal)

1000 cal= 4184 J

1 Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)

3.60 × 10^6 J

Condensation of water vapor into rain releasing energy in the form of heat

Exothermic; positive

Is the burning of natural gas in a stove exothermic or endothermic? What is the sign of the energy change?

Exothermic; negative

Cooking an egg: Heat energy is absorbed from the pan to cook the egg.

Endothermic; positive

contradiction because an endothermic reaction is defined as having a positive change in enthalpy, meaning it absorbs heat from its surroundings, while a negative ΔH signifies an exothermic reaction, where heat is released;

Endothermic; negative

1. Matter is a particele- it is composed of particles

2. The structures of those particles determine the properties of matter.

2 key concepts surrounding atomic matter

Nuclear model

• What is this model Called:

• Most of the atom’s mass and all of its positive charge are contained in a small core called the nucleus.

• Most of the volume of the atom is empty space, throughout which tiny, negatively charged electrons are dispersed.

• There are as many negatively charged electrons outside the nucleus as there are positively charged particles (named protons) within the nucleus, so that the atom is electrically neutral.

Mass number (A) = 

number of protons (p) + number of neutrons (n)

number of protons in nucleus

Atomic number

Ratio ussed to convert between moles and atoms

1 mol atoms/ 6.022 × 10²³

Wave particle duality

electrons will have properties of particles (mass+volume) and electricity will also have wave properties.

Electromagnetic radiation

each wave has oscillating and mutually parrel and electronic and magnetic fields.

Wavelength λ

crest to crest distance amplitude

speed of light {c}

3.00 × 10^8 m/s

V=

c/λ

hertz (hz)

cycles/second

Frequency (v)

is the number of waves that pass a point in a given period of time

frequency

number of wave crest that pass a point in particular time frame

waves with higher amplidues are

brighter than waves with low amplitudes