Intro to Developmental Psychology Test 3 Study Guide

Sternberg has a triarchic theory of intelligence and says intelligence is made up of three major components. What are they?

componential (analytical), experiential (creative), and contextual (practical)

What intelligence refers to the ability to read and adapt to everyday life?

practical intelligence

What intelligence refers to mental steps of components used to solve problems?

analytical intelligence

What intelligence refers to the use of experience in ways that foster insight?

creative intelligence

Sternberg's triangular theory has three faces of love. What are they?

intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment

According to Sternberg, what is the component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness?

intimacy

According to Sternberg, what is the component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance?

passion

According to Sternberg, what is the third aspect of love that embodies the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer-term determinatino to maintain that love?

decision/commitment

With postformal thought, Giesela Labouvie-Vief says that adult predicaments are sometimes solved by _____ thinking rather than pure logic.

relativistic

What acknowledges that world sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solutions so adults must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems?

postformal thought

With postformal thinking, William Perry says that developmental growth of early adulthood involves mastering what?

new ways of understanding the world

What are characteristics of postformal thinking?

- knowledge and values are regarded as relativistic

- different societies, cultures, and individuals could have different standards and values

What focuses on the ways in which information is used during adulthood, rather than on changes in the acquisition and understanding of new information?

Schaie's stages of development

What are Schaie's stages of development?

acquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive, and reintegrative stage

What stage is where learning and gaining knowledge and skills is mainly for future use?

acquisitive stage

What stage is where focusing on the most meaningful tasks and activities while letting go of less important ones?

reintegrative stage

What stage is where using knowledge and skills to achieve goals such as career or family?

achieving stage

What stage is where applying knowledge to organize, lead, and make decisions that affect larger groups or organizations?

executive stage

What stage is where using knowledge to manage responsibilities for others, like family or work?

responsible stage

What stage of development is during childhood and adolescence?

acquisitive stage

What stage of development is during young adulthood?

achieving stage

What stages of development are during middle adulthood?

executive and responsible stage

What stage of development is during late adulthood?

reintegrative stage

What is the theory that considers how indivdiuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' and their own behavior?

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Erikson's view of young adulthood is made through his intimacy-versus-isolation stage. What are characteristics of intimacy?

close, intimate relationship with others with selflessness and sexuality

Erikson's view of young adulthood is made through his intimacy-versus-isolation stage. What are characteristics of isolation?

feelings of loneliness and fear of relationships

According to Erikson, what is the period of post adolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close, intimate relationships with others?

intimacy-versus-isolation stage

When do brain wave patterns show more mature patterns and where senses peak?

during physical development

What do superior physcial capablities require?

exercise and diet

Less than 20 percent of Americans participate in _______ ____ on a regular basis.

moderate exercise

Why is there a gender gap in college attendance?

men have more opportunities to earn money when they graduate while more women enrolled in college

With Sternberg and practical and emotional intelligence, what relates well to academic success?

traditional IQ scores

With Sternberg and practical and emotional intelligence, career success requires ___ _____ learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior.

practical intelligence

With Sternberg and practical and emotional intelligence, what is the set of skills that underlies the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions?

emotional intelligence

Major life events may lead to what?

cognitive growth

What is a characteristic of cognitive development?

think about the world in novel, more complex, sophisticated, and often less rigid ways

Why would you apply postformal thought to cognitive development?

to see and grasp trends and patterns, personalities, and choices

What involves the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors?

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

What stressors does PNI examine?

acute and chronic stress

What did Lazarus and Folkman say?

people move through series of stages that determine whether or not they will experience stress

What is the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral?

primary appraisal

What is the assessment of whether one's coping abilites and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor?

secondary appraisal

What are the coping styles?

problem focused, emotion focused, social support, and defense

What is taking direct action to solve or change the source of stress?

problem focused coping

What is managing the emotional response to a stressful situation?

emotion-focused coping

What is seeking help, comfort, or advice from others?

social support coping

What is using unconscious psychological strategies to protect oneself from stress or anxiety?

defense coping

Fewer than 10 percent of people with major handicaps have finished what?

high school

Fewer than 25 percent of disabled men and 15 percent of disabled women do what?

work full time

Adults with handicaps are often _____.

unemployed

What is aging that involves universal and irreversible changes that, because of genetic programming, occur as people get older?

primary aging

What are changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are as a result of illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but are not the result of increased age itself and are not inevitable?

secondary aging

Shaver says that infant attachment style is also reflected in adult romantic relationships. What are the styles?

secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent

What is the tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, religion, and other basic demographic characteristics?

homogamy

What are characteristics of happy/successful marriages?

- show affection

- communicate relatively little negativity

- perceive themselves as independent

- experience social homogamy

- hold similar interests

- agree on distribution roles

The chances of divorce are higher in ______.

cohabitants

Why do people marry?

- preferred alternative during early adulthood

- desirability of spouse role

- legitimatization of children

- legal benefits and protection

What are the periods of Ginzberg's career choice theory?

fantasy, tentative, and realistic period

According to Ginzberg, what is the period lasting until about age 11 when career choices are made, and discarded, without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities?

fantasy period

According to Ginzberg, what is the period that occurs in early adulthood, when people begin to explore specific career options, either through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession, and then narrow their chioces and make a commitment?

realistic period

According to Ginzberg, what is the period that spans adolescence and when people begin to think more practically about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them?

tentative period

What are criticisms of Ginzberg's theory?

non-representative sample, overstates choices and options to lower SES people, and age demarcations may be too rigid

What are the parts of motivation?

extrinsic and intrinsic

What is motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards, such as money and prestige?

extrinsic motivation

What is motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, for personal rewards?

intrinsic motivation

What would be examples of intrinsic motivation?

doing something you enjoy like reading a book or playing an instrument

What would be examples of extrinsic motivation?

doing something because of an external reward like studying to get good grades or working to earn money

How do pre-child homosexual couples divide housework?

equally

Research shows children raised in _______ homes show no differences in adjustment compared to those raised in heterosexual homes.

homosexual

Traditionally, what kind of professions did women have?

communal

Traditionally, what kind of professions did men have?

agentic

What are occupations that are associated with relationships, such as nursing?

communal professions

What are occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished, such as carpentry?

agentic professions

What fields are women less likely found in?

male-dominated professions

What is the gender-wage gap?

women's weekly warning as a percentage of men's have increased since 1979 but are still only a bit more than 79 percent and have remained steady over the past three years

What is an invisible, artificial barrier, often constructed by societal biases, that prevents qualified women and minorites from advancing into senior leadership roles?

"glass ceiling"

Starting at about age 45, what is the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so?

menopause

How long does menopause last?

about 15-20 years

In hormone therapy, estrogen and progesterone are administered to do what?

alleviate the worst of the symptoms experienced by menopausal women

Hormone therapy decreases the thinning of bones related to ______.

osteoporosis

What are women more prone due to osteoporosis?

declining height

What is the natural physical decline brought about by aging?

senescence

Starting at age 40, visual acuity declines. What is changing eye's lenses in shape and elasticity results in loss of near vision?

presbyopia

What is a condition in which pressure in the fluid of the eye increases, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced?

glaucoma

What is the loss of the ability to hear sounds of high frequency?

presbycusis

Associating with aging, what are men more prone to?

hearing loss

With presbycusis, what is diminshed?

sound localization

What systems in the body are benefits of exercise?

muscle, nervous, circulatory, and skeletal system

What are the psychological benefits of exercise?

enhanced mood, feelings of well-being, and reduces stress

What is the ability to deal with new problems and situations?

fluid intelligence

What is the store of information, skills, and strategies that people have acquired through education and prior experiences, adn through their previous use of fluid intelligence?

crystallized intelligence

What intelligence increases with age?

crystallized

What intelligence begins to decline in middle age?

fluid

What refers to the acquisition of skill or knowledge in a particular area?

expertise

How is expertise developed?

as people devote attention and practice

What are the two types of expertise?

expert and novice

What relies on experience and intuition, process information automatically, uses different neural pathways to solve problems?

expert expertise

What strictly follows formal rules and procedures, uses better strategies and better problem-solving?

novice expertise

What is the process by which people concentrate on selected skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas?

selective optimization

What is the use of alternative strategies, tools, or supports to maintain performance when abilities decline or resources are lost?

compensation theory