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AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review (Everything You Need To Know!)

Introduction

  • Overview of Unit 2 for AP Human Geography

  • Importance of the study guide from the Ultimate Review Packet

  • Packet includes unit reviews, quizzes, answer keys, practice exams, vocabulary lists, and exclusive resources for success.

Population Distribution

Major Regions

  • South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

  • East Asia: China, Japan, Korea

  • Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam

  • Europe: Population clustered around natural resources due to the Industrial Revolution

Influencing Factors

  • Physical Factors: Climate, weather, landforms, bodies of water, natural resources

    • Major cities often near water for trade, arable land for farming

  • Human Factors: Economic opportunities, cultural acceptance, historical events, political stability

Concepts of Distribution

  • Population Distribution: Spread of people in an area

    • Dispersed vs. Clustered: Scattered vs. concentrated populations

  • Population Density: Number of people per area

    • Types of Density:

      • Arithmetic Density: Total people/total land area

      • Physiological Density: Total people/arable land

      • Agricultural Density: Number of farmers/arable land

Implications of Density

  • Political: Higher density areas have greater representation

  • Economic: More services and job opportunities in densely populated areas

  • Social: Access to education and healthcare varies with population density

  • Environmental: Urban sprawl and resource exploitation vs. preserved spaces in less populated areas

Population Composition

Understanding Demographics

  • Factors: Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, occupation

  • Population Pyramid: Visual representation of age and sex distribution

    • Y-axis: Age ranges; X-axis: Population number or percentage

    • Categories: Pre-reproductive (0-14), Reproductive (15-44), Post-reproductive (45+)

Demographic Insights

  • Dependency Ratio: Total dependent population/working-age population

  • Sex Ratio: Number of males per females at birth

  • Implications: Trends, challenges, and potential governmental responses based on population dynamics.

Population Dynamics

Key Metrics

  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Live births per 1,000 people/year

  • Crude Death Rate (CDR): Deaths per 1,000 people/year

  • Natural Increase Rate (NIR): CBR - CDR

  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children per woman

  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Deaths of infants under one per 1,000 live births

Influences on Population Metrics

  • Social and Cultural Factors: Education leads to decreased TFR/IMR

  • Economic Factors: Urbanization decreases family sizes as children are less viewed as economic assets

  • Political Factors: Government policies influence demographic trends and population growth.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

  • Stage 1: High CBR and CDR; low NIR; subsistence agriculture

  • Stage 2: Declining CDR; population boom due to medical advancements (e.g., Afghanistan)

  • Stage 3: Declining CBR; continuation of urbanization and Industrialization (e.g., Mexico)

  • Stage 4: Low CBR and CDR; ZPG; well-developed countries (e.g., USA, China)

  • Stage 5: Negative NIR; aging populations (e.g., Japan, Germany)

Epidemiologic Transition Model

  • Stage 1: High mortality from infectious diseases

  • Stage 2: Improvement in food and sanitation reduces death rates

  • Stage 3: Rise of degenerative diseases

  • Stage 4: Advanced medicine combats health issues

  • Stage 5: Resurgence of infectious diseases due to resistance and urbanization

Malthusian Theory

  • Concerns about exponential population growth vs. arithmetic food supply increases

  • Prescriptive solutions like anti-natalist policies criticized and evolved over time

  • Neo-Malthusians caution about resource depletion and sustainability issues.

Government Influence on Population

Population Policies

  • Pronatalist Policies: Encourage larger families (e.g., tax incentives)

  • Anti-natalist Policies: Limit family size (e.g., China's one-child policy)

  • Migration Policies: Affect population growth and economic conditions

Women and Demographic Change

  • Increased opportunities for women in developed economies lead to lower fertility rates

  • Educated women raise children with higher health standards, resulting in lower IMR

Migration Patterns

Types of Migration

  • Forced Migration: Compelled due to war, oppression; includes refugees and IDPs

  • Voluntary Migration: Choices based on personal, economic needs; types include transnational, chain, step, and rural-to-urban migration

  • Push and Pull Factors: Economic, political, social, and environmental considerations

  • Intervening Opportunities: Positive factors that alter migration routes

  • Intervening Obstacles: Negative factors blocking migration success

Impact of Migration

Societal Implications

  • Political: Debates over immigration policies; citizenship

  • Economic: Increased labor pools vs. brain drain

  • Cultural: Mixing of cultures fosters diversity but can lead to anti-immigrant sentiment.

Conclusion

  • Review of key concepts from Unit 2 essential for exam preparation.

  • Use the Ultimate Review Packet for practice quizzes and additional resources.