Introduction

• Overview of Unit 2 for AP Human Geography

• Importance of the study guide from the Ultimate Review Packet

• Packet includes unit reviews, quizzes, answer keys, practice exams, vocabulary lists, and exclusive resources for success.

Population Distribution

Major Regions

• South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

• East Asia: China, Japan, Korea

• Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam

• Europe: Population clustered around natural resources due to the Industrial Revolution

Influencing Factors

• Physical Factors: Climate, weather, landforms, bodies of water, natural resources

  • Major cities often near water for trade, arable land for farming

• Human Factors: Economic opportunities, cultural acceptance, historical events, political stability

Concepts of Distribution

• Population Distribution: Spread of people in an area

  • Dispersed vs. Clustered: Scattered vs. concentrated populations

• Population Density: Number of people per area

  • Types of Density:

    • Arithmetic Density: Total people/total land area

    • Physiological Density: Total people/arable land

    • Agricultural Density: Number of farmers/arable land

Implications of Density

• Political: Higher density areas have greater representation

• Economic: More services and job opportunities in densely populated areas

• Social: Access to education and healthcare varies with population density

• Environmental: Urban sprawl and resource exploitation vs. preserved spaces in less populated areas

Population Composition

Understanding Demographics

• Factors: Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, occupation

• Population Pyramid: Visual representation of age and sex distribution

  • Y-axis: Age ranges; X-axis: Population number or percentage

  • Categories: Pre-reproductive (0-14), Reproductive (15-44), Post-reproductive (45+)

Demographic Insights

• Dependency Ratio: Total dependent population/working-age population

• Sex Ratio: Number of males per females at birth

• Implications: Trends, challenges, and potential governmental responses based on population dynamics.

Population Dynamics

Key Metrics

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Live births per 1,000 people/year

• Crude Death Rate (CDR): Deaths per 1,000 people/year

• Natural Increase Rate (NIR): CBR - CDR

• Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children per woman

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Deaths of infants under one per 1,000 live births

Influences on Population Metrics

• Social and Cultural Factors: Education leads to decreased TFR/IMR

• Economic Factors: Urbanization decreases family sizes as children are less viewed as economic assets

• Political Factors: Government policies influence demographic trends and population growth.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• Stage 1: High CBR and CDR; low NIR; subsistence agriculture

• Stage 2: Declining CDR; population boom due to medical advancements (e.g., Afghanistan)

• Stage 3: Declining CBR; continuation of urbanization and Industrialization (e.g., Mexico)

• Stage 4: Low CBR and CDR; ZPG; well-developed countries (e.g., USA, China)

• Stage 5: Negative NIR; aging populations (e.g., Japan, Germany)

Epidemiologic Transition Model

• Stage 1: High mortality from infectious diseases

• Stage 2: Improvement in food and sanitation reduces death rates

• Stage 3: Rise of degenerative diseases

• Stage 4: Advanced medicine combats health issues

• Stage 5: Resurgence of infectious diseases due to resistance and urbanization

Malthusian Theory

• Concerns about exponential population growth vs. arithmetic food supply increases

• Prescriptive solutions like anti-natalist policies criticized and evolved over time

• Neo-Malthusians caution about resource depletion and sustainability issues.

Government Influence on Population

Population Policies

• Pronatalist Policies: Encourage larger families (e.g., tax incentives)

• Anti-natalist Policies: Limit family size (e.g., China's one-child policy)

• Migration Policies: Affect population growth and economic conditions

Women and Demographic Change

• Increased opportunities for women in developed economies lead to lower fertility rates

• Educated women raise children with higher health standards, resulting in lower IMR

Migration Patterns

Types of Migration

• Forced Migration: Compelled due to war, oppression; includes refugees and IDPs

• Voluntary Migration: Choices based on personal, economic needs; types include transnational, chain, step, and rural-to-urban migration

• Push and Pull Factors: Economic, political, social, and environmental considerations

• Intervening Opportunities: Positive factors that alter migration routes

• Intervening Obstacles: Negative factors blocking migration success

Impact of Migration

Societal Implications

• Political: Debates over immigration policies; citizenship

• Economic: Increased labor pools vs. brain drain

• Cultural: Mixing of cultures fosters diversity but can lead to anti-immigrant sentiment.

Conclusion

• Review of key concepts from Unit 2 essential for exam preparation.

• Use the Ultimate Review Packet for practice quizzes and additional resources.