OralComm Reviewer 3rd Qtr

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1. Intrapersonal Communication

2. Interpersonal Communication

3. Public Communication

1. Intrapersonal Communication

2. Interpersonal Communication

3. Public Communication

3 types of Speech Context

Intrapersonal Communication

- happens when you communicate with yourself.

Intrapersonal Communication

- Mentally process information that influences behavior and interaction with others through an internal monologue.

1. Allows us to know ourselves more

2. Helps in self-motivation

3. Aids in decision making and problem-solving

4. Enables self-reflection

Advantages of Intrapersonal Communication

1. Can lead to: introversion & overthinking

Disadvantage of Intrapersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication

- involves the interaction between two or more people.

1. Dyad

2. Small Group

2 categories of Interpersonal Communication

Dyad

– involves an exchange of messages between two persons.

Small Group

– refers to the interaction of people forming a small group. (3 to 15 people)

- The interaction is usually face to face

- the participants are in close proximity to each other so that everyone in the group can participate.

1. Allows us to develop relational and interpersonal skills

2. Building connections/ gaining friends

3. Widens knowledge and horizon

4. Improves listening skills

Advantages of Interpersonal Communication

1. Can lead to possibilities of conflicts

2. Irreversible

Disadvantages of Interpersonal Communication

Public Communication

- It involves a large gathering of people where most serve as listeners.

one-to-many communication

Public Communication is also called ---

1. Speaker-centered

2. Limited or no verbal feedback

Two characteristics of Public Communication

1. Spread of information is fast

2. Possibility of being influential

Advantages of Public Communication

1. Entails so much preparation

2. Scrutinized by others

Disadvantages of Public Communication

Mass Communication

- Done with an accompaniment of medium or media

Style

– is a variety of language and a distinctive manner in which people express themselves in a particular situation (Somia, 2012)

1. Frozen Style (Oratorical Style)

2. Formal Style (Deliberative Style)

3. Consultative Style

4. Casual Style

5. Intimate Style

5 Speech Styles

Frozen Style (Oratorical Style)

- “frozen” in time or which cannot be rephrased or reworded because it has been handed down through tradition or laws.

- Its original language has been preserved

- Usually stated without any response

Static Style

Frozen Style is also called ---

Formal Style (Deliberative Style)

- used for important or serious situations.

- rigid, strict, and has standard vocabulary

- large audience

- employs formal language

- prepared speech

Consultative Style

- a two-way communication in a professional setting.

- ‘to seek help’

- Polite but lacks intimacy and not quite as formal

Casual Style

- used in a relaxed or normal situation with friends or family members

- may involve the use of slang and jargon

- used to impart information

Ellipsis

– the omission of words that are presumed understood

Intimate Style

- is used in private communication among families, lovers, and close friends with significant shared personal history, knowledge, and experience

- Uses labels and nicknames or terms of endearment

Communicative Competence

- Learner’s ability to use a target language correctly, successfully, and aptly in terms of grammar and given a situational context while being able to deal with potential lapses

Communicative Competence

- Ability to achieve communicative goals in a socially appropriate manner

Canale and Swain (1980)

They defined Communicative Competence as Composing Competence

1. Grammatical Competence

2. Sociolinguistic Competence

3. Strategic Competence

3 Areas of Communicative Competence

Grammatical Competence

- Refers to the accurate use of words and structures of the target language (Canale & Swain, 2012)

- Ability to understand and express meaning by producing and recognizing well-formed phrases and sentences

- Phonology, orthography, sentence formation, etc.

Sociolinguistic Competence

- Deals with the appropriate use of the target language depending on the context (Canale & Swain, 2012)

- Refers to the mastery of the cultural rules of use and rules of discourse that are at play in different languages

Sociolinguistic Competence

- Ability to communicate appropriately using right words, expression, and attitudes

- Knowing and understanding how to speak given the circumstance (Senroeder, 2010)

Strategic Competence

- Ability to organize a message effectively and to overcome any difficulty by applying appropriate techniques (Yule, 2010)

- Refers to the ability to overcome difficulties when communication breakdown occurs (Celce-Murcia, Dornyei & Thurrell, 1995)

Communicative Strategies

- Means to overcome various problems in communication which may arise from linguistic lapses or lack of understanding (Mariani, 2010)

1. Turn-taking

2. Nomination

3. Restriction

4. Topic control

5. Topic shifting

6. Repair

7. Termination

7 Communicative Strategies

Turn-taking

- Occurs in a conversation when one person listens while the other speaks

- Role of the listener and speaker move back and forth, which creates a circle of discussion

- Allows active listening and productive discussion

turn

The basic unit of an individual’s speech is called “---” (McCarthy, Matthiessen & Slade, 2010)

Nomination

- Happens when the communicators decide who takes the turn to speak (Schmitt, 2010)

- Speaker carries collaboratively and productively establish a topic

- Presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant

Restriction

- Happens when the participants are limited in what, when, and how they can speak (Heritage, 2013)

- A strategy that constrains or restricts the response of the other person involved in the communication situation

Restriction

- Refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker

- The listener is forced to respond only within a set of categories that are made by the speaker

Topic control

- The subject of the conversation is restricted by one of the communicators (Warren, 2006)

- A question-answer formula that moves the discussion forward

- Topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions

Topic shifting

- Refers to the process in which a new topic is introduced in the conversation (Warren, 2006)

- A tactic in which one person in a discussion (the shifter) manages to subtly change the discussion’s topic to another related, but different topic

Repair

- Refers to the practices used by speakers to approach problems encountered in conversations (Liddicoat, 2017)

- The ability to persist in communication and to modify, repeat, or revise a signal when the initial communication attempt failed

- Refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending

1. Repeating

2. Recasting

2 Types of Repair

Repeating

(Type of Repair)

- correcting one’s self and gives the speaker time to do so

Recasting

(Type of Repair)

- changing the form of the message

Termination

- Conversational practices which are used to close a topic (Wong and Waring, 2010)

- Ends the interaction through verbal and nonverbal messages that both speaker and listener send to each other

Termination

- Quick and short

- Initiator takes responsibility in ending the conversation