Chapter 17: Chemistry

Notes and notable questions from the quiz

Chemistry

The study of matter and the transformations it undergoes

Central Science

Chemistry is a foundational science that leads to useful applications

Submicroscopic World

Deals with atoms and molecules, the building blocks of matter

Solids

A phase of matter with fixed shape and volume, particles are closely packed and vibrate in place.

Liquids

A state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape, taking the shape of its container and flowing easily.

Gases

Substances with no fixed shape or volume, filling any container uniformly. Composed of molecules moving freely.

Heat of Fusion

The amount of heat energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point without changing its temperature.

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat energy required to convert a liquid into a gas at its boiling point without a change in temperature.

Changes

Physical changes involve no change in chemical identity, while chemical changes result in new substances

Chemical Bond

Force of attraction holding atoms together in a molecule

Periodic Table

Organizes elements based on atomic number and properties

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom, identifies the element

Isotope

Different versions of an element with varying neutron numbers

Atomic Mass

Average mass of protons and neutrons in an atom

Chemical Changes

Rearrangement of atoms leading to new materials

Groups of the Periodic Table

Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Inner Transition Metals, Chalcogens, Halogens, Noble Gases

Chemical Formulas

Represent compounds using symbols of constituent elements

Elemental Formulas

Represent elements using atomic symbols and subscripts

Compounds

Atoms of different elements bonded together

Naming Compounds

Follows a pattern based on the elements present and their positions in the periodic table

Macroscopic

Large enough to be seen

Microscopic

Can only be seen with a microscope

Submicroscopic

Too small to be seen with a standard microscope; refers to particles or organisms that are smaller than what can be observed using a light microscope

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements in the periodic table with one electron in the outermost shell, highly reactive with water and oxygen. (Examples: Lithium, Potassium, etc.)

Alkaline-Earth Metals

Group 2 elements with 2 valence electrons, reactive but less than alkali metals, includes calcium, magnesium, etc.

Transition Metals

Groups 3-12 on the Periodic Table. Elements in the middle of the periodic table that have partially filled d orbitals and exhibit variable oxidation states. Includes Cobalt, Nickel, Silver, Gold, etc.

Inner Transition Metals

Elements located in the f-block of the periodic table, including the lanthanides and actinides. They have partially filled f-orbitals. Includes Lanthanum, Cerium, etc. (Lanthanides). And Actinium, Thorium, etc. (Actinides)

Chalcogens

Group 16 on the Periodic Table. A group of elements in the periodic table that includes oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. They are known for their diverse chemical properties and are essential for life.

Halogens

A group of nonmetal elements in Group 17 of the periodic table with seven valence electrons, known for their high reactivity. Includes Flourine, Bromine, Chlorine, and Iodine.

Noble Gases

Group 18 on the Periodic Table. A group of elements in the periodic table known for their stable and unreactive nature due to having a full outer electron shell. Includes Helium, Neon, Argon, etc.