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weimar republic
created in germany after wwi and wilhelm ii’s abdication by left-wing politicians
matthias erzberger
german politician who meets with the french to create the treaty of versailles — agrees to the treaty despite its draconian nature to end the war
stab in the back
idea promoted by conservative germans that the reason germany left the war was because of a betrayal by the social democrats — many people had a hard time accepting defeat because there was only ever one battle on german soil
treaty of brest-litovsk
treaty between germany and the newly-formed soviet union that ended the ussr’s involvement in the war — gave germany significant territorial concessions
mittel europa
germany’s goal/hope to reorganize central europe and establish dominance
septemberprogramm
wanted to reorganize central europe — create german proxy states in luxembourg and belgium, take land from france, and expand german colonies
unrestricted submarine warfare
naval warfare strategy employed by germany during wwi, allowing submarines to sink ships without warning, including civilian and neutral vessels
u-boats
untersee boats; run on diesel → have to stay above water mostly, only used torpedoes as a last resort because there wasn’t many of them, small and couldn’t carry many people
international marine rules of engagement
attacking vessel must warn the ship, send a boarding party to search for contraband, then seize the ship
false flagging
british strategy that goes against international law — using a different flag in hostile waters, conceal the identity of their boats
q-ships
british armed merchant ships disguised to look like civilian vessels, used to lure submarines into attacking
rms lusitania
a british passenger ship run by the cunard line — “greyhound of the atlantic” because of its speed — had the potential to carry arms to britain so it was sunk off the coast of ireland in 1915 — kills 123 american passengers → increased pressure for woodrow wilson to join the war
drop the hyphen movement
tensions between germany and the us forced german-americans to decide whether they were german or american — they couldn’t be both
arabic and sussex pledges
made by the germans after the sinking of the lusitania as well as the arabic and sussex ships, promised to stop submarine warfare on passenger ships if the us puts pressure on the british to stop their north sea blockade
pancho villa
a mexican revolutionary, frsturated with lack of us support — invades the us, us sends military to find him but they can’t, meanwhile a us film crew makes a film about him — embarrassing for the us
john j. pershing
led troops to find pancho villa and later during wwi
convoy system
method by which the us sent troops overseas without being sunk by germans — surrounded troop transport ships with cruisers and destroyers to make sure they’re not an easy target
zimmermann telegram
a telegram sent from arthur zimmerman to mexico encouraging them to fight a war against the us with american support — intecepted by britain before it can reach mexico, final straw fo the us
ferdinand foch
french general who works with erzberger to create the armistice ending wwi fighting
woodrow wilson
president 1912-1920 through wwi — first democratic president to be elected for a long time
us election of 1912
wilson wins because of the spilit republican ticket (teddy roosevelt and taft)
us election of 1918
wilson is reelected on the idea that he kept the us out of the war
wilson’s stance on wwi
“war to end all wars”, “peace without victors”
georges clemenceau
french prime minister “the tiger”
david lloyd george
british prime minister, wants germany to pay for wwi
14 points speech
wilson’s propsal to stop wwi and address the issues so that another war doesn’t happen
point 1
open covenenants of peace openly arrived at — no peacetime secret binding military alliance
point 2
absolute freedom of marine navigation, freedom of seas to neutral nations (don’t want another lusitania incident)
point 3
removal of tariff barriers
point 4
multilateral disarmament — reduce military sizes to a size needed only for defense
point 5
allow colonized people a say in their own future (self-determination)
point 6
evacuation of russian territory, but also still keeping an eye on the bolsheviks
point 7
evacuation and restoration of belgium
point 8
evacuation and restoration of france, as well as the return of alsace-lorraine
point 9
readjustment of italian borders
point 10
breakup of the austro-hungarian empire → self-determination
point 11
evacuation and restoration of serbia and montenegro
point 12
breakup of the ottoman empire → self-determination
point 13
recreation of poland and the creation of the polish corridor
point 14
creation of the league of nations
henry cabot lodge
becomes the republican majority leader, hates wilson — makes sure the league of nations isn’t ratified in the US government
bolshevik card
a talleyrand-like strategy they were worried the germans would employ of they were invited to the treaty of versailles — that the weakening of germany would allow for the spread of bolshevik ideology
vae victis
“woe to the vanquished” — ideology behind much of the treaty of versailles
committee of reparations
focused on determining how much germany should pay for the war
john maynard keynes
british economist tasked with calculating the amount of damage germany is responsible for and how much it should cost — decides that the final decision is impossible
financial reparation committee
focused on in-cash payments the germans would need to give
in-kind
material goods the germans would owe
article 231
war guilt clause, added on by clemenceau, has germany take full responsibility for the war
rhineland
the coal-rich industrial center of germany, temporarily occupied after the treaty of versailles
saar
area of the rhineland lost to france for 15 years
polish corridor
prevents poland from being landlocked but splits germany apart to create an east prussia separate from the rest of germany
krupp
ancient german arms manufacturer, termporarily forced to become a civilian company because of the treaty of versailles until it reverts back to arms under the nazis
imcc
inter-allied commissions of control: entente inspectors who could go into german factories to ensure they were not making weapons
hoover moratorium
temporarily stopped all war debts as countries tried to recover from the great depression
count ulrich von brockdorff-rantzau
head german delegate at the treaty of versailles
bank of the accused
the german desk in the hall of mirrors for the treaty of versailles — the entente powers looked down on this desk from a stage
conditions of peace
the original name for the treaty of versailles
diktat
harsh terms imposed without popular consent
carthaginian peace
a brutal peace treaty that attempts to disable the other side
spd
german socialist party
ddp
german democratic party
cc
catholic centre
dolchstoss
the stab in the back myth promoted by ludendorff
räterepublik
red republic — created in munich after a communist uprising
spartacist uprising
communist uprising in berlin
freikorps
right-wing paramilitary made of ex-soldiers who refused to believe that germany lost — put down spartacist uprising and are responsible for many of the political assassinations of the time (including erzberger)
karl liebknecht and rosa luxemburg
leaders of the communist party, executed despite warning their party members not to rise against the government
eugen leviné
jewish leader of the communist uprising in munich to create the räterepublik
jewish bolshevism
another anti-semitic, contraditory belief that was supported by the establishment of the räterepublik
reichsrat
part of the weimar bicameral legislature that is made up of representatives from the various german states
reichstag
part of the weimar bicameral legislature, made up of a lot of different political parties — major one is the spd
dvp
deutsche volkspartei (german peoples’ party), right wing
dnvp
german national people's party, nationalist and right-wing
bvp
bavarian people’s party, right-wing
kpd
communist party
nsdap
national socialist workers party (nazis)
friedrich erbert
first president of the weimar republic
paul von hindenburg
second president of the weimar republic, appoints hitler as chancellor
article 48
emergence decree: allows for the president and chancellor to call for new elections in the reichstag if there’s an impasse
alois hitler
adolf hitler’s abusive father
august kubizek
childhood friend of hitler
dap
german worker’s party, only 50 people before hitler joins, led by dietrich eckart
thule society
occultist conspiracy theorists, believe in the world jewish conspiracy and that german aryans are a superior race because they come from atlantis, also believe in the cosmic ice theory
cosmic ice theory
the german “aryan race” descended from the heavens via cosmic ice :\
hermann göring
joins the dap because of the stab in the back myth
captain ernst röhm
active member of the bavarian military → more credibility for dap, “machine gun king of munich”, gay
1922 genoa conference
meeting of 34 nations called by david lloyd george to stabilize the european economy and establish a payment schedule for germany
georgy chicherin
russian foreign minister, meets with rathenau to creat the treaty of rapallo
walther rathenau
german foreign minister, meets with georgy chicherin to create the treaty of rapallo
treaty of rapallo
russian/german agreement made before the genoa conference, agreed to pow exchange, repudiated debts between the two countries, recognized each ones’ sovereignty, and secretly allows germans into russia to continue weapon development and research
völkischer beobachter
the anti-semitic newspaper the nazis buy from the thule society to get the nazi message across
sturmabteilung (SA)
paramilitary wing of the nazi party, also called brown shirts or storm troopers, led by goring initially but created by rohm
rudolf hess
an early member of the nazi party, obsessed with hitler, writes down mein kampf as hitler dictates it in jail
heinrich himmler
another member of the nazi party, becomes a major architect of the holocaust later, creates the ss
ruhr operation
belgium and france invade the ruhr region of the rhineland, claiming that germany isn’t providing them with enough coal, ebert tells germans to passively resist → weimar has to pay miners to not mine coal → start printing money
german hyperinflation
weimar republic prints money and inflation gets so bad that the exchange rate becomes 4 trillion marks to the dollar
beer hall putsch
1923, start of hitler’s planned revolt in munich, sa troops take control of the bürgerbräukeller and force the leaders of munich, the police, and the military to agree to come with the nazis when they march on the city
1923 coup
after the beer hall putsch, nazis assemble in the square and are fired on by police and military, 16 nazis are killed, goring is wounded, hess, rohm and hitler are all arrested
gustav von kahr
bavarian minister of the interior — head of state ish guy
bavarian separatism
the idea that bavaria should break off from the weimar republic to form its own country like the kingdom of the past
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