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weimar republic
created in germany after wwi and wilhelm ii’s abdication by left-wing politicians
matthias erzberger
german politician who meets with the french to create the treaty of versailles — agrees to the treaty despite its draconian nature to end the war
stab in the back
idea promoted by conservative germans that the reason germany left the war was because of a betrayal by the social democrats — many people had a hard time accepting defeat because there was only ever one battle on german soil
treaty of brest-litovsk
treaty between germany and the newly-formed soviet union that ended the ussr’s involvement in the war — gave germany significant territorial concessions
mittel europa
germany’s goal/hope to reorganize central europe and establish dominance
septemberprogramm
wanted to reorganize central europe — create german proxy states in luxembourg and belgium, take land from france, and expand german colonies
unrestricted submarine warfare
naval warfare strategy employed by germany during wwi, allowing submarines to sink ships without warning, including civilian and neutral vessels
u-boats
untersee boats; run on diesel → have to stay above water mostly, only used torpedoes as a last resort because there wasn’t many of them, small and couldn’t carry many people
international marine rules of engagement
attacking vessel must warn the ship, send a boarding party to search for contraband, then seize the ship
false flagging
british strategy that goes against international law — using a different flag in hostile waters, conceal the identity of their boats
q-ships
british armed merchant ships disguised to look like civilian vessels, used to lure submarines into attacking
rms lusitania
a british passenger ship run by the cunard line — “greyhound of the atlantic” because of its speed — had the potential to carry arms to britain so it was sunk off the coast of ireland in 1915 — kills 123 american passengers → increased pressure for woodrow wilson to join the war
drop the hyphen movement
tensions between germany and the us forced german-americans to decide whether they were german or american — they couldn’t be both
arabic and sussex pledges
made by the germans after the sinking of the lusitania as well as the arabic and sussex ships, promised to stop submarine warfare on passenger ships if the us puts pressure on the british to stop their north sea blockade
pancho villa
a mexican revolutionary, frsturated with lack of us support — invades the us, us sends military to find him but they can’t, meanwhile a us film crew makes a film about him — embarrassing for the us
john j. pershing
led troops to find pancho villa and later during wwi
convoy system
method by which the us sent troops overseas without being sunk by germans — surrounded troop transport ships with cruisers and destroyers to make sure they’re not an easy target
zimmermann telegram
a telegram sent from arthur zimmerman to mexico encouraging them to fight a war against the us with american support — intecepted by britain before it can reach mexico, final straw fo the us
ferdinand foch
french general who works with erzberger to create the armistice ending wwi fighting
woodrow wilson
president 1912-1920 through wwi — first democratic president to be elected for a long time
us election of 1912
wilson wins because of the spilit republican ticket (teddy roosevelt and taft)
us election of 1918
wilson is reelected on the idea that he kept the us out of the war
wilson’s stance on wwi
“war to end all wars”, “peace without victors”
georges clemenceau
french prime minister “the tiger”
david lloyd george
british prime minister, wants germany to pay for wwi
14 points speech
wilson’s propsal to stop wwi and address the issues so that another war doesn’t happen
point 1
open covenenants of peace openly arrived at — no peacetime secret binding military alliance
point 2
absolute freedom of marine navigation, freedom of seas to neutral nations (don’t want another lusitania incident)
point 3
removal of tariff barriers
point 4
multilateral disarmament — reduce military sizes to a size needed only for defense
point 5
allow colonized people a say in their own future (self-determination)
point 6
evacuation of russian territory, but also still keeping an eye on the bolsheviks
point 7
evacuation and restoration of belgium
point 8
evacuation and restoration of france, as well as the return of alsace-lorraine
point 9
readjustment of italian borders
point 10
breakup of the austro-hungarian empire → self-determination
point 11
evacuation and restoration of serbia and montenegro
point 12
breakup of the ottoman empire → self-determination
point 13
recreation of poland and the creation of the polish corridor
point 14
creation of the league of nations
henry cabot lodge
becomes the republican majority leader, hates wilson — makes sure the league of nations isn’t ratified in the US government
bolshevik card
a talleyrand-like strategy they were worried the germans would employ of they were invited to the treaty of versailles — that the weakening of germany would allow for the spread of bolshevik ideology
vae victis
“woe to the vanquished” — ideology behind much of the treaty of versailles
committee of reparations
focused on determining how much germany should pay for the war
john maynard keynes
british economist tasked with calculating the amount of damage germany is responsible for and how much it should cost — decides that the final decision is impossible
financial reparation committee
focused on in-cash payments the germans would need to give
in-kind
material goods the germans would owe
article 231
war guilt clause, added on by clemenceau, has germany take full responsibility for the war
rhineland
the coal-rich industrial center of germany, temporarily occupied after the treaty of versailles
saar
area of the rhineland lost to france for 15 years
polish corridor
prevents poland from being landlocked but splits germany apart to create an east prussia separate from the rest of germany
krupp
ancient german arms manufacturer, termporarily forced to become a civilian company because of the treaty of versailles until it reverts back to arms under the nazis
imcc
inter-allied commissions of control: entente inspectors who could go into german factories to ensure they were not making weapons
hoover moratorium
temporarily stopped all war debts as countries tried to recover from the great depression
count ulrich von brockdorff-rantzau
head german delegate at the treaty of versailles
bank of the accused
the german desk in the hall of mirrors for the treaty of versailles — the entente powers looked down on this desk from a stage
conditions of peace
the original name for the treaty of versailles
diktat
harsh terms imposed without popular consent
carthaginian peace
a brutal peace treaty that attempts to disable the other side
spd
german socialist party
ddp
german democratic party
cc
catholic centre
dolchstoss
the stab in the back myth promoted by ludendorff
räterepublik
red republic — created in munich after a communist uprising
spartacist uprising
communist uprising in berlin
freikorps
right-wing paramilitary made of ex-soldiers who refused to believe that germany lost — put down spartacist uprising and are responsible for many of the political assassinations of the time (including erzberger)
karl liebknecht and rosa luxemburg
leaders of the communist party, executed despite warning their party members not to rise against the government
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