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62 Terms

1

Cognition

Mental processes involved in gaining knowledge, understanding, and thinking.

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2

Metacognition

Thinking about your own thinking, like being aware of how you learn or solve problems.

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3

Concept

A general idea or category for similar things or ideas.

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4

Prototype

The most typical example of a concept.

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5

Schema

A mental framework for organizing and interpreting information.

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6

Assimilation

Taking in new information without changing your schema.

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7

Accommodation

Adjusting your schema to include new information.

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8

Executive functions

Brain processes that help with planning, organizing, and achieving goals.

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9

Algorithm

A step-by-step method for solving problems that always gives the correct answer.

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10

Heuristic

A shortcut or rule of thumb for solving problems quickly but not always accurately.

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11

Representative Heuristic

Judging something based on how similar it is to a stereotype.

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12

Availability Heuristic

Judging something based on examples that come to mind easily.

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13

Mental Set

Using solutions that worked in the past without trying new ones.

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14

Priming

Exposure to something that influences your decisions or actions later.

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15

Framing

The way information is presented affects decisions.

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16

Nudge

A small change in how choices are presented to influence decisions.

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17

Gambler's fallacy

Believing that past events affect future random outcomes.

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18

Sunk-cost fallacy

Continuing a decision due to already invested time or money.

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19

Functional fixedness

Seeing objects only for their intended use.

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20

Insight

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem.

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21

Confirmation Bias

Focusing on information that supports your beliefs.

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22

Fixation

Being stuck on one way of solving a problem.

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23

Intuition

Making decisions based on gut feelings instead of logic.

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24

Overconfidence

Overestimating your knowledge or abilities.

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25

Belief perseverance

Sticking to your beliefs even when proven wrong.

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26

Creativity

Thinking of new and original ideas.

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27

Divergent Thinking

Generating multiple solutions to a problem.

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28

Convergent Thinking

Narrowing down multiple ideas to find the best solution.

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29

Intelligence

The ability to learn, understand, and solve problems.

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30

General Intelligence (g)

A single underlying ability that influences performance across all tasks.

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31

Factor Analysis

A statistical method to identify related abilities or skills.

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32

Fluid Intelligence (Gf)

The ability to think quickly and solve new problems without relying on past knowledge.

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33

Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)

Knowledge and skills acquired through experience and education.

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34

Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory

A theory combining fluid and crystallized intelligence with multiple cognitive abilities.

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35

Multiple Intelligences

A theory suggesting intelligence includes many abilities like musical, spatial, or interpersonal skills.

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36

Savant Syndrome

When a person with mental disabilities has an exceptional skill in one area.

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37

Grit

Perseverance and passion for long-term goals.

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38

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to understand and manage your emotions and those of others.

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39

Stanford-Binet

One of the first intelligence tests, measuring reasoning and problem-solving skills.

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40

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A score that measures a person’s mental abilities compared to others.

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41

Mental Age

The age level at which someone performs on an intelligence test.

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42

Wechsler-Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A widely used test for measuring adult intelligence, focusing on verbal and performance skills.

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43

Psychometrics

The field of study focused on measuring psychological traits, like intelligence.

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44

Standardization

Ensuring a test is consistent and fair for everyone who takes it.

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45

Normal Curve

A bell-shaped graph showing how traits like intelligence are distributed in a population.

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46

Valid

A test measures what it’s supposed to measure.

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47

Content Validity

The test covers all the important parts of what it’s supposed to measure.

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48

Construct Validity

The test measures the concept it claims to measure.

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49

Predictive Validity

The test predicts future performance or behavior.

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50

Reliable

A test gives consistent results over time.

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51

Test-Retest Reliability

Getting the same results when retaking a test.

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52

Split-half Reliability

Consistency in a test when comparing two halves of the questions.

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53

Stereotype threat

Anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype can affect performance.

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54

Stereotype lift

Performing better because of a positive stereotype.

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55

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores over generations due to societal improvements.

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56

Cross-sectional study

A study comparing different groups at the same time.

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57

Longitudinal study

A study observing the same group over a long period.

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58

Cohort

A group of people studied or sharing a characteristic.

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59

Achievement Tests

Tests measuring knowledge or skills in a specific subject.

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60

Aptitude Tests

Tests predicting future performance or ability.

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61

Fixed Mindset

Belief that intelligence and abilities are unchangeable.

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62

Growth Mindset

Belief that intelligence and abilities can develop with effort.

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