the sum processes of chemical changes in living cells by which energy and nutrients are provided for vital processes and activities and new materials are assimilated
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anabolism
the constructive part of metabolism involving synthesis (creating new compounds)
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catabolism
the destructive part of metabolism involving the release of energy and breakdown of complex materials
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oxidation
loss of electrons
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reduction
gain of electrons
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Glycolysis
anaerobic (no O2) occurs in cytosol
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Kreb's Cycle (TCA)
aerobic (needs O2) occurs in mitochondria
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Oxidative phosphorylation
aerobic (needs O2) occurs in mitochondriaS
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Stage 1 of Glycolysis
priming = uses 2 ATP Hexokinase (takes P from ATP to make Glucose-6-P) Phosphofructokinase (takes P from ATP to make Fructose 1,6-P)
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Stage 2 of Glycolysis
production 4 ATP produced per glucose (total output of 2 ATP) generates 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate pyruvate kinase
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NADH
electron transport yields 3 ATP per NADH
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FADH2
electron transport yields 2 ATP per FADH2
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Kreb's Cycle
pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA (takes place for each pyruvate) produces 3 NADH, 2 FADH2, 1 GTP, 12 ATP for each acetyl-CoA (24 ATP total for 2 acetyl-CoA)
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mitochondrion
function in the synthesis of ATP, major source of energy electron transport chain is on the inner membrane
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oxidative phosphorylation
multi-enzyme complexes located in inner membrane inner membrane is impermeable to NAD, NADH, ATP and ADP proton-motive force
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proton-motive force
build up of protons in the inter membrane space that drives ATP synthesis down a concentration gradient
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ATP synthesis
ATP synthase catalyzes formation of ATP from ADP and P achieved from flow of protons form inter membrane space matrix NADH moves 10 protons FADH2 moves 6 protons 10 protons are needed for one full turn and will make 3 ATP
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insulin
increases uptake of glucose, increases fat storage stimulates the formation of glycogen
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Glycagon
Decrease uptake of glucose stimulates conversion of amino acids to glucose
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Glucocorticoids
increases blood glucose (stress response)
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Epinephrine
increases blood glucose decreases fat storage
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Glycogenesis
process of making glycogen muscle and liver happens immediately following a meal caused by insulin
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Glycogenolysis
breaking down glycogen caused by glucagon (increases glycogenolysis, increases blood glucose)
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Gluconeogenesis
making glucose from non-CHO sources (the reverse of glycolysis) liver and kidney very important in ruminants (very little glucose is absorbed; propionate converted to glucose)
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Simple lipids
makes up the largest % of lipids fats, oils, waxes
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saturated lipids
single bonds only (as many H as possible)
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unsaturated lipids
double bonds
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gastric lipase
found in stomach; not very active in mature animals, functional in young animals
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pancreatic liapse
primary fat digestion enzyme secreted with pancreatic juice secreted in an inactive form activated by Ca in lumen of SI
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Bile
produced by liver and stored in gall bladder secreted in duodenum emulsification of fat arrange triglycerides for hydrolysis of lipase
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lipase
cleaves fatty acid from glycerol backbone which exposes the hydrophilic heads
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Micelle
free fatty acids and bile salt can interact with brush border and is the form which lipids are absorbed
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chylomicron
made up of triglycerides, proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
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fatty acid metabolism
oxidation to CO2 for ATP make glycolipids, phospholipids, and cell membranes lung alveolar integrity solubilize ADEK prostaglandin, sex hormones, adrenal hormones energy
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cortisol
decreases fat storage
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glucagon
decreases fat storage
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growth hormone
decreases fat storage
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fatty acid synthesis
produced from acetyl-CoA from CHO, proteins, VFAs, degraded fats occurs in cytosol fats are made 2 C at a time; process continues until fatty acid is 16 C long fatty acid synthase
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B-oxidation
stepwise removal of 2C from fatty acids to make acetyl-CoA (2C) 16C = 8 acetyl CoA occurs in mitochondria
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Ketosis
occurs when an animal has high energy demand increases fat catabolism = increases acetyl CoA which overloads Krebs cycle and it backs up converts acetyl CoA to acetoacetic acid (toxic), b-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone blood pH decreases = metabolic acidosis
glycine, alanine, threonine, cystine, methionine converted to krebs cycle intermediates and converted to glucose
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ketogenic amino acids
lysine, leucine converted to acetyl CoA and then to ketones
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functions of absorbed proteins
nonessential amino acid synthesis tissue synthesis synthesis of enzymes and hormones deamination transaminiation
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Protein synthesis
complex, involves many systems in body requires 20 ATP per peptide bond nucleic acids needed
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protein turnover/degradation
constant process since there isn't a storage for amino acids combination of synthesis and degradation
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Deamination
excess AA not needed for protein synthesis are catabolized break off NH3 from carbon skeleton
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Urea
made with 2 ammonia (NH3) and carbon skeletonf
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feeding experiment
feed feedstuff/nutrient, compare with standard source/control, measure production response answers: will they consume it and how well do animals perform questions: nutrient utilization
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Digestion experiment
feed feedstuff/nutrient, sample feed and collect feces, analysis of feed and feces, calculate apparent digestibility coefficient (same equation as percent error) answers: nutrient absorption in GI tractme
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metabolism experiment
feed feedstuff/nutrient, sample feed and collect feces, analysis of feed and feces, collect urine and analyze, calculate nutrient balance ((intake-(fecal+urine))/intake) x 100 answers: nutrients retained
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How many total ATP are used in glycolysis?
2 ATP
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What process breaks down glycogen?
Glycogenolysis
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What enzymes control glycolysis?
hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase
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Which pathway is responsible for the breakdown of glucose?
glycolysis
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Urea is considered a non-protein nitrogen source.
true
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What is a function of the stomach during fat digestion?
produce small droplets of fat
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What is acetate converted to and what can it then be used to make?
acetyl CoA; ketones
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What are the 2 products of deamination of amino acids?
NH3 and carbon skeleton
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Microbes can use urea by aminiating then using the NH3 and carbon skeleton to make MCO protein.
true
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Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
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where does the kreb's cycle occur?
mitochondria
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Goats require fatty acids in their diet
false
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What must be continuously regenerated for glycolysis to continue?
NAD
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After a carbohydrate heavy meal, what would you expect insulin and glucagon to do?
insulin decreases and glucagon increases
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After a carbohydrate heavy meal, what would you expect gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to do?
stop
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glycogen synthesis/glycogenesis will occur after a carbohydrate heavy meal.
true
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What would be a route that nitrogen can be recycled back to the rumen?
saliva and bloodstream
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what hormone would you expect to increase fat catabolism?
epinephrine
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What do carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism have in common?
acetyl-CoA
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What enzyme produces ATP from NADH, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane?
ATP synthase
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What describes the over process of fat catabolism?
B-oxidation
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What is produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted into the duodenum to aid in fat digestion?
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