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India History: Aryans
1700-500 BCE
Vedas (Vedic Sandscrit)
Chants 4 notes - myriad scales of the Raga
What are Vedas
4 sacred books of prayers
hymns and mantra
ritual guide for priests
philosophical treaties
India History: Classic and Medieval
500-1400 CE
Natya Sastra
technical book of theater
Greatest kingdoms provided patronage of the Arts
India History: Moghuls
1527-1867
From the Mongols-Babur
Integration of Indian, Islamic and others
famous architecture
Southern India-Carnatic vocal tradition, Hindu
North Indian Music- Hindustani, Raga, improv, Arabic
instruments
(I doubt we need to know all of this but I would at least familiarize myself with the info)
famous architecture: india
Taj Mahal
what is Raga
collection of notes put together for Northern India music
India History: British Colonization
1600-1947
British introduced piano, harmonium, violin, clarinet, and banjo
Indian culture: Harmonium, violin played and tuned differently
India History: Independence
Globalization and tradition
traditional elements mixed with the music of Europe and North America
Internationally known musicians
Ravi Shankar
Zakir Hussain
India/Music basics in the North
Hindusthani-improvisation
influences: muslim tradition
instruments: Harmonium, Tabla, Sitar, Tamboura
North India instruments
Harmonium
Tabla
Sitar
Tamboura
India/Music basics in the South
Carnatic/Hindu Devotional songs
influences: Ancient India, Hindu, Vegas
Instruments: Bamboo flute, violin, Mridangam, Tamboura
South India Instruments
Bansuri
violin
Mridangam
Tamboura
kriti definition
standard song form in the south
tamil definition
one of many languages
konnakol definition
singing the tala (sollukattu
Svara definition
note in a Raga
different than western music
Sruti definition
drone
ensemble texture definition
melody
drone
rhythm
India Pop Music
Music from the 40’s-60’s
classically based
Current trends of Indian Music
Cine Music/Bollywood
uses modern styles of Rock, Jazz, Rap
bansuri instrument
Banshey- flute
bamboo
8 holes
aerophone
violin instrument
tuned and held differently than standard western instrument
chordophone (lute)
what instrument is this
bansuri
hint: count the holes (the 8th one is not visible in this picture)
what instrument is this
violin
hint: classical violin except held with feet
mridangam instrument
barrel shaped
2 headed drum
heavy hide
membranophone
a black spot near the center of the head
siyahi
more on the siyahi
graphite, metal, shavings goo of rice
focus in the pitch
what instrument is this
mridangam
hint: barrel with a black spot
tambura instrument
4 strings but only two notes
drone
gourd
pluck strings
chordophone (lute)
what instrument is this
tambura
key aspects of Southern India music
improvised, mostly made up as it goes along
mostly from vocal songs/instrumental transcriptions
no harmony or chords, oral tradition
drone played by the tambura
raga-color/atmosphere- tonal system
tala
form
southern india raga (in depth)
ragas dictate which notes may be used and how frequently
meloding framework
improvisation (composition with boundaries)
scale (72 scales)
strong and weak notes
extras
mood (rasa), time of day, magical powers
what are magical powers within southern india music
influence personality
bring the divine to both performer and listener
cure diseases
melt stones
what is tala within south indian music
“clap”
underlying rhythmic framework
hand gestures primarily in the south while performing or singing
talas are all cyclical
hold down the rhythm of the piece while the melodic instruments improvise
form of southern india music
alap- intro: no fixed rhythm
Jhala- melodic and drones
composed section intro to Tala
conclusion improve section
instruments from northern india
sitar
tabla
tambura (im confused on why this is listed for both the north and south)
sitar instrument
oil on fingers
wire picks
strings
4 melodic strings
3 strings emphasizing the rhythm
13 that vibrate while others being played helps with fullness and sustains overall sound
usually taught by Guru
pumpkin at top used for amplification
chordophone
what is this instrument
sitar
(hint: little pumpkin looking thing at the top)
tabla instrument
dayan and bayan (bayan is bigger one)
derived from the Arabic word tabl which means drum
drum strokes- Bols
learned from guru
head of the drum (puri) made up of goat hide
membranophone
what instrument is this?
tabla (bayan on left dayan on right)
(hint: the drums have the lacings on the side)
harmonium instrument
aerophone
European instrument which was imported in the 18th century
it is a reed organ with hand pumped bellows
bellows, stops, keys
number of drone reeds making it distinctly Indian
what instrument is this
harmonium
(hint: looks like a little piano)
Kanjira instrument
membranophone
tamborine
head made of lizard skin (old)
head now made of synthetic material
south Indian
high sound
what instrument is this
kanjira
hint: looks like a tambourine idk
Ghatam instrument
southern tradition
made out of terracotta clay pot
can’t change pitch
open at the top and has a narrow neck
what is this instrument?
ghatam
veena instrument
made for women
lays in lap
melodic, rhythmic and sympathetic
what instrument is this
veena
(hint: its a woman once again idk if these hints help I just use them for my own studying)
sarod instrument
long necked lute
neck is metal
40 inches
wooden body with calf, main strings and sympathetic
played like a guitar
no frets
what instrument is this
sarod
hint: look for the metal on the neck
jal tarang instrument
idiophone
group of porcelain bowls
fill the bowls with water
tarang definition: waves in water
what instrument is this
jal taraang
shannai instrument
aerophone
double reed (similar to oboe)
north and south
religious settings
Sruti
similar to Nageshwaram instrument
what instrument is this
shannai
sarangi instrument
chordophone
sympathetic strings (4 sets)
gut strings
what instrument is this
sarangi
hint: petite
what instrument did Ravi Shankar famously play
Sitar
what instrument did Zakir Hussain famously play
tabla
what instrument did Subash Chandran famously play
Ghatam
what instrument did Ganesh Kumar famously play
Kanjira
Indonesia background information
more than 200 languages
2 different areas: Java and Bali
melting pot of religions
Java information
Islamic/Hindi/Buddhism
Music is heard in residences
Bali information
east of Java on a separate island
Hindu/Buddhism but its changing and now there is more Islamic
music is in temples or processions
what is the name of music in indonesia
gamelan
gamelan info
set of instruments unified by their tuning and decorative carving and sculpture
venues: temples, homes of sultans, processions, peoples homes
ceremonies: birth, death, marriage, theatre, dance
believed to have special powers
gamelan instruments
bronze/iron/brass
metal slab
tuned knobbed gongs (always tuned, played in the center rather than the edge)
kettles (tuned in pairs male and female)
drums
bamboo flutes
2 stringed fiddle
xylophones
street music (indonesia)
scales
slendro: 5 notes
pelog: 7 notes
gamelan metal instruments
gong ageng
kempul
kenong
kempyang-ketuk
bonang
gender
saron
ceng ceng
indonesia non metal gamelan instruments
kendhang
rebab
suling
ayun ambing
celempung
Indonesian instrument function: nuclear theme (aka what instruments)
saron
Indonesian instrument function: melodic elaboration (aka what instruments)
bonang
gender
Indonesian instrument function: counter melody (aka what instruments)
rebab
suling
human voice
Indonesian instrument function: rhythm (aka what instruments)
kendang
Indonesian instrument function: punctuation (aka what instruments)
gong ageng
kempul
kempyang
ketuk
anklung instrument
bamboo tubes
make sound when shaken
shadow puppet theatre
wayang- traditional theater
1st century: hindu religion
stories in theatre with puppets
Islam: brought shadow puppets instead of the figure of Humans or God
gong ageng instrument
largest of hanging gongs
both Javanese and Balinese
only used for beginning and endings of cycle
heavily padded stick
Javanese: many gongs hanging together
never cut sound off
what instrument is this
gong ageng
kempul instrument
smaller hanging gong
can manipulate sound with hand
what instrument is this
kempul
hint: smaller than the gong ageng
kenong instrument
primarily in Javanese gamelan
extra large kettles
each kettle has its own outer frame
stick with wool on it - less padded than gong ageng and kempul
can damp with stick itself
what instrument is this
kenong
kempyang and ketuk instruments
ketuk
medium sized kettle
flat top
lower sound
often played with kempyang and kenang in java
kempyang
medium sized kettle
what instrument (s) is this
kempyang and ketuk m
hint: cute little holder idk sorry my hints are not helpful
bonang instrument (melodic)
small kettle- more clanky sound
bali: multiple players on set
java: each player, own set
all on one frame or platform, not separate like kenong
what instrument is this
bonang
gender instrument
like xylophone
sticks: shaped like wheel at end of a stick (wool on rim)
can dampen notes with fingers
constructed in pairs of notes (2 physically closer notes that are separated by larger gaps from rest)
resonators: long pipes under each notes to get a better sound
red and gold standard colors
notes curved up on edges
bali: only one stick, hammer shaped except heads look like horn
what instrument is this
gender
saron instrument (melodic)
similar to harmonium (scales similar to way harmonium plays raga)
like metal xylophone
java: wood hammer
bali: metal, hammer-shaped and horn-shaped head
brass
use fingers to dampen
notes curved down on edges
bali: usually have 3 sets (high, medium and low pitched sets)
what instrument is this
saron
ceng ceng instrument
small cymbols
played with multiple people in java
one person does all in bali
what instrument is this
ceng ceng
kendhang instrument
membranophone
balanese (one per person)
leader of the gamelan (gives cues)
drum
ropes holding skins
what instrument is this
khendang
rebab instrument
chordophone
2 string
heart shaped body
pegs are thin and delicate
what instrument is this
rebab
hint: heart shape also 2 strings= 2 letter b’s in the name
suling instrument
aerophone
vertically played
can be played with celo
piece jutting out
higher pitched
what instrument is this
suling
ayun ambing instrument
pretty slow/relaxed (mellow)
zither
what instrument is this
ayun ambing
celempung instrument
zither
thumbs
chordophone
what instrument is this
celempung