ADVS 2200: Exam 3

Neurons can be classified based on all of the following except

Nutrient consumed

Which cranial nerve is the Trigeminal Nerve?

CN V

What part of the motor nerve has receptors for ACh (acetylcholine)?

Dendrite

Gray matter appears gray because it contains ________ whereas white matter contains nerve fibers with myelin sheaths.

Nerve cell bodies

Neurons produce special chemicals called ______________ that are released at the synapse?

Neurotransmitters

List in order the steps of a reflex arc.

Stimulus activates a receptor, information processing, activation of the motor neuron and response of the peripheral effector

Which term describes the area of the brain where the Cerebellum and Pons reside

Metencephalon

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase (ACHase)?

Deactivation of ACH

The ventral root of the spinal cord peripheral nerves are _____?

Motor nerves

Which layer of the epidermis contain dead keratinocytes?

Stratum Corneum

What term means the brain of a vertebrate

Encephalon

The basic functions of the nervous system include all of the following:

 

Movement of body parts, both initiate and regulate

 

Regulate secretions from glands

 

Gather and process information

 

Maintain an appropriate state of consciousness

 

Stimulate thirst, hunger, fear, rage, and sexual behaviors

The heart has specialized nervous tissue interspersed within the muscle called

Purkinje fibers

Central Nervous System

Thinking and reflexes (brain & spinal cord)

Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory and motor (cranial and spinal nerves)

Autonomic Nervous System

Sensory and Motor (integrates activity of visceral structures)

Where in the body is acetylcholine (ACH) and serotonin found?

On the nodes of Ranvier

The following are all general sensory receptors except

Acetylcholine

Nodes of Ranvier are a part of what structure?

Myelinated nerves

Neurons differ from other body cells in some ways except

Have nucleus that contain genes

Milk is produced in the ______ and collects in the _______.

Alveolus/gland cistern

What does the California Mastitis Test measure?

WBC’s in milk (Somatic Cell Count)

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase (ACHase)?

Deactivation of ACH

Which layer of meninges is most superficial?

Dura mater

What part of the motor nerve has receptors for ACh (acetylcholine)?

Dendrite

Milk is made up of the following components:

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and water

Oxytocin:

Causes myoepithelial cells surrounding alveolus to contract causing milk let down

Progesterone:

Promotes development of secretory alveoli

Prolactin:

Stimulates development of secretory epithelium and milk production

Growth Hormone:

Increase milk production, lactation persistency

Which ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon?

Third

List in order the steps of a reflex arc:

1. Stimulus activates a receptor

2. Information processing

3. Activation of the motor neuron

4. Response of the peripheral effector

The ideal lactation for a dairy cow is how many days?

305

An _____ is a rapid but short-lived reversal in electric potential propagated along the axons of neurons.

Action potential

The basic functions of the nervous system are:

Movement of body parts, both initiate and regulate, regulate secretions from glands, gather and process information, maintain an appropriate state of consciousness, and stimulate thirst, hunger, fear, rage and sexual behaviors

A sympathetic response refers to which Autonomic Nervous System response?

Flight or Fight or Freeze

Which layer of the epidermis contains dead keratinocytes?

Stratum Corneum

Describe an action potential:

Propagated along the axons of neurons within nerves. Rapid, but short-lived, reversal in electrical potential. Reversal of resting membrane potential is called depolarization.

How does lidocaine work?

Local anesthetic. Antiarrhythmic. Alters depolarization

in neurons by blocking the fast voltage gated sodium channels. Transmittal of an action potential fails.

Direct nerve block:

Inject lidocaine directly near the nerve. Example: PD nerve block in horse, epidural

Intra-articular joint blocks:

Inject into joints

Area blocks:

Line, inverted “L”

Neurons:

Nerve cells

Axon:

Away from cyton (nerve cell body)

Dendrites:

To cyton (nerve cell body)

Myelin sheath:

Insulation, lipid layer

Where are myelin sheaths?

Between Schwann’s cells

Node of Ranvier:

Increased concentration of Na+ and K+ volage gated channels. The action potential jumps from Node to Node. Allows the action potential to travel quickly along axon

How are neurons similar to other cells in the body?

Neurons are surrounded by a membrane, neurons have a nucleus that contains genes, neurons contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and other “organelles”

How do neurons differ from other cells in the body?

Neurons have specialized projections called dendrites and axons. Dendrites bring information to the cell body and axons take information away from the cell body. Neurons communicate with each other through an electrochemical process. Neurons form specialized connections called “synapses” and produce special chemicals called “neurotransmitters” that are released at the synapse.

Too much bilirubin in the blood due to excessive RBC destruction may cause? 

Icterus (hyperbilirubinemia)

The following are types of blood vessels except for

alveoli

The final result of the clotting cascade is the conversion of fibrinogen to _____by thrombin?

Fibrin

Hemoglobin functions as a binding agent for

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in red blood cells

Smooth muscle can be found in all of the following except:

Biceps brachii

Hemostasis is achieved by all of the following except

Increase in growth hormone

All of the following are formed elements of the blood except:    

Fibroblasts

The part of the vascular system where blood is oxygenated is the

Pulmonary circulation

Due to low levels of oxygen (hypoxemia), cells in the kidney release which signaling agent (cytokine) to increase RBC production?   

Erythropoietin

Before entering the right atrium, blood is in the    

Vena cava

Erythrocytes’ primary role is to?

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Systole occurs when

The atrioventricular valves are closed, the ventricles contract

The plasma primarily responsible for maintaining the oncotic pressure of blood is?

Albumin

Plasms differs from serum in that plasma contains what?

Clotting factors

The percentage of RBC in blood is measured via

Hematocrit

Nucleated red blood cells are common to which animal?

delaware Blue Hen

On leaving the right ventricle, blood moves into the

pulmonary artery

Warfarin inhibits which biological cascade?

Clot formation

What are neurons classified based on?

Neurite number, axon length, function, neurotransmitter

Bipolar

Two processes, dendrite and axon

Pseudounipolar

Two processes fuse into one axon that divides

Multipolar

Single axon, multiple dendrites

Golgi type I

Long axons (cell body in cerebral cortex → spinal cord)

Golgi type II

Short axons (cerebellum)

Sensory or Afferent neurons:

Respond to stimuli and transmit to nervous system

Motor or efferent neurons:

CNS → muscles or glands

Interneurons or association neurons (99% of all neurons)

Located in CNS (brain and spinal cord), function to distribute sensory and coordinate motor, relay or projection (long axons, spinal columns), local

What are neurons that release serotonin called?

Serotonergic neurons

What are neurons that use acetylcholine called?

Cholinergic neurons

True/False The larger the axon diameter the faster the conduction velocity

True

What is multiple scleorsis?

The hardening of myelin sheath in multiple locations

What are the components that make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord

What are the functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Thinking and reflexes

What are the components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Peripheral nerves, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves going to body structures

What are the functions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

No thinking, no reflexes

What are the components of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

Integrates activity of visceral structures (smooth, cardiac muscle, and glands). Has both CNS and PNS components, has both sensory and motor components

Gray matter:

Microscopically masses of cytons (nerve cell bodies) are called a nuclei

White matter:

A mass of axons or dendrites with myelin sheath

Plexus:

A network of nerves or veins

Examples: Brachial plexus, cervical, brachial, lumbosacral, sacral

What are the basic functions of the nervous system?

1. Movement of body parts, both initiate and regulate

2. Regulate secretions from glands

3. Gather and process information

4. Maintain an appropriate state of consciousness

   1. Stimulate thirst, hunger, fear, rage, and sexual behaviors

Lateral ventricles (right and left):

Connected with 3rd V by interventricular foramina

Third ventricle:

Surrounded by diencephalon. Connected to 4th V by mesencephalic aquaduct (cerebral aqueduct)

Fourth Ventricle:

Spinal cord

Choroid plexus:

In each ventricle and produces Cerebral spinal fluid

Encephalon:

The brain of a vertebrae, cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

Telencephalon:

Cerebrum, Cerebral hemispheres, Cerebral cortex, Basal nuclei, Rhinencephalon, and encloses the cavities of the lateral ventricles, and the rostral portion of third ventricle

Diencephalon:

Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus, Third ventricle

Mesencephalon:

Midbrain, Cerebral peduncles (crura cerebri): both sensory and motor nerve fibers

Metencephalon:

Cerebellum (dorsally), pons (ventrally)