Unit 3 (THE OCEANS)

____________ is the measure of the average velocity of the atoms or molecules in a substance.

temperature

Temperature is measured in _______

degrees

True or False: A water molecule is polar because the opposite ends have opposite charges.

True

Water Molecules are made of ________ hydrogen and ________ oxygen atoms.

two;one

Calories are used as a measurement of _________.

heat.

__________ is the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance.

heat

Match the temperature scale to the correct average ocean temperature.

Kelvin - 290

Celsius - 17

Fahrenheit - 63

The surface of the ocean is heated by _______. The heat is transfered to lower water depths by the action of wind and currents, and by _________.

solar radiation; molecular conduction

Which of the following describe light refraction in water?

Light is bent as it moves from air to water due to a change in the speed of light.

Light refraction causes an object to appear in a different location than it really is.

Match the three ways energy may be transmitted.

Conduction: Energy is passed from molecule to adjacent molecule

Convection: Heated fluid moves and carries heat to a new location.

Radiation: Heat is directly transmitted from its source.

Match the ways in which heat is transmitted to their descriptions.

Conduction: A metal pan becomes hot after placing it on a hot stove.

Convection: Hot air rises and cold air sinks.

Radiation: The air in front of a burning fire is warm.

Modern ocean-going vessels use ________ to measure the depth of water beneath the ship.

echo sounders

Water molecules from a crystalline lattice when liquid waters turns to _________

ice

The average velocity of sound in seawater is __________ m/s as opposed to 334 m/s in dry air.

1500

Heat ___________ is the quantity of heat required to produce a unit change of temperature in a material.

capacity

The speed of sound in seawater increases with increasing ________.

depth, salinity, temperature

Which is higher- the density of pure water or the density of seawater?

seawater

As light passes through water, it is absorbed by organisms and both absorbed and ___________ by ions, suspended particles, and water molecules.

scattered

Surface tension of water is created by _________, which is the attraction of water molecules to each other.

cohesion

Water has a relatively low viscosity, meaning that ________.

it has little resistance to motion

Match the factors that affect the density of seawater to their description.

Pressure: As this increases, so does density; has a very small effect.

Temperature: As this increases, density decreases; has a significant effect.

Salt: As this increases, so does density; has a moderate effect.

_____ is when ice changes directly into gas.

Sublimation

Water change states because heat is _______.

either lost or gained.

__________ heat is the measure of the ability of a substance to take in or give up heat.

specific

How is heat related to the speed and bonding of water molecules?

The addition of heat increases molecule speed.

Heat is released when molecules slow down and bonds between molecules are formed.

Heat is needed to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Humans have emulated whales and porpoises by using sound to locate objects underwater; this technology is called _______.

sonar

Match the change of state to the amount of heat added or removed from the transition for 1 gram of each starting substance.

Ice to water: add 80 calories

Water to ice: removed 80 calories

Water to Water Vapor: Add 540 calories

Water Vapor to Water: Remove 540 calories

Light ______ in water can be measured by simple means, such as with a Secchi disk, or with more modern techniques that employ a beam of light projected to a submerged photoreceptor.

attenuation

Choose the types that are attenuated rapidly in water.

Red, ultraviolet

The viscosity of seawater found at the equator is ________ than the viscosity of seawater found near the North Pole.

lower

Seawater freezes at -2C, lower than the freezing temperature for fresh water, because it contains dissolved:

salts

The heat capacity of a material depends on both the material's specific _____ and its _____.

heat; mass

Salt water has ______ freezing temperature compared to fresh water.

a lower

At what approximate temperature does pure water reach its greatest density?

4C

The latent heat of fusion the heat necessary to change the state of water between a _______ and a __________

solid;liquid

The temperature where water vapor condenses to liquid is the ____________

dew point

Covalent bonds are found in the water molecule and occur when _______ are shared between atoms.

electrons

Water is nearly incompressible, meaning that the increase in __________ with increasing depth has little effect in decreasing the water's volume.

pressure

Objects in deep water appear dark because ______

they are not seen in their natural colors, as not all light colors can penetrate deep water.

The energy that powers Earth's weather comes _________

from the heat released during condensation in the atmosphere.

Echo charts can be used to study the properties of the seafloor because _____.

different rocks and sediments reflect signals differently

Let's compare a cup of freshly brewed coffee and a full whirlpool tub. How do they compare in terms of heat and temperature?

The coffee has a higher temperature and the tub water has a higher heat.

Why is the specific heat of water so much higher than that for most other liquids?

Energy is needed to break hydrogen bonds instead of going directly to increase the temperature.

Match the terms to their correct definitions:

ion: charged atom or molecule

cation: positively charged atom or molecule

anion: negatively charged atom or molecule

Volcanism and land runoff provide the _______ now found dissolved in ocean water.

salts

What are the two primary current sources for the salts in ocean water?

runoff from the land and volcanism

Which of the following describe the Keeling Curve?

It is a graph of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere over the past 50+ years. The data for the curve has been collected on Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased over the last 150 years, primarily due to:

burning of fossil fuels and deforestation

What is the general name of the process used to obtain fresh water from salt water?

Desalination

Rank these gases present in the ocean according to their abundance (percent by volume), with the most abundant on top.

Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.

Match the term to the correct description.

Osmosis: the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Reverse osmosis: the forcing of water movement through a semipermeable membrane using pressure.

Organisms undergoing respiration produce and release ______ into seawater.

carbon dioxide

What happens to the organic substances present in seawater?

They accumulate in sediments, broken down into smaller particles and are used by organisms.

The _______ scale represents the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, and is based upon the concentration of H ions.

pH

Marine plants undergoing photosynthesis produce and release __________ into seawater.

oxygen

The relative ________ of major seawater constituents remain the same for different geographic locations and water depths.

ratios

The average time a substance remains in the ocean is called its ________ time.

residence

What is the average pH of seawater?

7.8

The _________ of the oceans has remained relatively constant over time because the input of salts is equal to the output.

salinity

Match the type of ocean salt ion its original source.

cations: Earth's crust

anions: earth's mantle

The salinity of ocean water averages ______ parts per thousand.

35

What dissolved gas do heterotrophic organisms take up from seawater in order to respire?

oxygen

Match the two types of desalination that work well with low-salinity water to their descriptions.

Ion Exchange: Resins are used in a column of water to extract unwanted ions.

Electrodialysis: An electrical field is used to transport ions out of solution and through a semipermeable membrane.

Water solutions contain _________.

Both H20 and H+ and OH- ions.

Nitrogen, ____________, and silicate are important to different forms of marine life for growth, as they act like the fertilizers of the ocean.

phosphorus

Put the phrases in the correct order in which they occur in the oceans to help characterize compensation depth. The top sentence should represent conditions in shallow ocean water.

Photosynthetic organisms produce oxygen.

Photosynthesis and respiration are balanced at the compensation depth.

Carbon dioxide is produced through respiration at the depth of oxygen.

Which of the following are involved in using reverse osmosis to desalinate water.

Semipermeable membrane, forced pressure.

The recent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration has resulted in _______ of dissolved CO2 concentrations in seawater.

an increase.

The maximum amount of gas that can be held in solution is called the saturation concentration, and is affected by pressure, temperature and salinity. Which of the following correctly describe the relationship between these factors and the saturation concentration?

Colder water can hold more gas, water under high pressure can hold more gas.

In warm climates, salt in seawater is concentrated using evaporation and then extracted for use. How is salt recovered in cold climates?

By allowing water to freeze and then collecting the leftover brine.

A substance that acts to prevent the sudden change in pH is called a _______.

buffer.

Rank the major constituents of seawater according to their abundance by weight.

Chloride, Sodium, Sulfate, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium.

Photosynthesis in the ocean results in the addition of CO2 into intermediate and deep-ocean water when organisms sink and decay through a process called the __________ pump.

biological

Which of the phrases does not correctly describe compensation depth?

This depth is permanently at 200 meters below the surface.

In which of the following settings would anoxic conditions be likely to occur? Hint: Recall that anoxic means lacking in dissolved oxygen.

Isolated, deep basins; bottom of an ocean trench

Match the ways in which salt ions are removed from seawater to their descriptions:

Sea Spray: Seawater is blown onto land, taking along and depositing the salts.

Adsorption: Ions bind to clay particles, sink in the water column, and are incorporated into sediments.

Chemical precipitation: Ions react with each other to form insoluble products.

Biological uptake: Animals Intake seawater and incorporate the calcium and/or silica into their hard parts.

Isolation: Seawater bodies are cutoff and evaporation leaves behind the salts.

A negatively charged chloride atom dissolved in water will be surrounded with the positively charged __________ atoms of the water molecule, which prevents the chloride atom from combining with other ions.

hydrogen

The _________ zone is shallow in coastal waters, but may extend to 200 meters in the open ocean where there are fewer suspended particles and sunlight can reach greater depths.

euphotic

Choose the advantages (over the disadvantages) of using reverse osmosis to desalinate seawater.

Heating of water not required, no thermal pollution, removal of contaminate.

In general, carbon dioxide content _________ and oxygen __________ with water depth.

increase; decrease.

Ocean salinity changes with ________ as rates of precipitation, evaporation, and runoff are strong influences on how much salt is within ocean water.

latitude

Increased CO2 concentrations in seawater result in a(n) ___________ in pH

decrease