APHug Models and Theories

spatial model

attempt to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes

urban model

try to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures

demographic transition models

non-spatial models that use population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space.

gravity model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

specifically accounts for development due to the increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances

Heartland-Rimland model

designed to define the global geopolitical landscape and determine areas of potential future conflict

Von Thünen's Model

land use (the type of farming) is determined by how labor intensive the type of farming is

multiple nuclei model

a model that represents the Anglo-American city of the United States and Canada during the height of industrialization

Concentric zone model (burgess model)

First published in 1923 by theorist Ernest Burgess - According to this model, cities grow outward from a central core in a series of concentric rings, each with its own distinct characteristics.

Hoyt Sector Model vs Sector Model

Sector model - broad categorization referring to any urban theory that emphasizes the development of cities along transportation routes and in sectors rather than in concentric rings.

Hoyt Sector model - emphasizes the importance of transportation routes (in particular) on urban development

hoyt sector model

model emphasizes the influence of transportation routes on urban development and suggests that sectors of similar land use extend outward from the central business district (CBD) along transportation corridors. These sectors tend to form pie-shaped wedges radiating from the CBD, with different sectors housing different socioeconomic groups and land uses.

multiple nuclei model

Represents the post-industrial city with its several, dispersed business districts

Decentralization model

Represents a distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has transitioned to services as the leading form of production

Global city model (world city model)

Depicts the common urban landscapes of international locations

Latin American City model

Important as an example of the colonial city as effects of European colonial rule on many cities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia

Southeast Asian City Model

a spatial city model that includes an old colonial port zone that is the focal point of the city reflecting a city oriented around exports, and radiating outward from the port zone are the Western commercial zone and Alien commercial zone

The Sub-Saharan African City Model

a spatial city model that is difficult to formulate due to the imprint of European colonialism, but often consists of a colonial CBD as well as a traditional CBD, and a market zone that is surrounded by squatter settlements (informal satellite townships)

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply (population is exponential growth, food is arithmetic growth)

Anatolian theory

a group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent, and their language, were for some time concentrated in the peninsula that makes up most of present-day Turkey. Then, a large migration crossed the Hellespont into continental Europe and spread outward into a relatively unpopulated region.

Kurgan theory:

the same group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent instead made their way into Central Asia, and then migrated across the Eurasian stepped into Central and Western Europe, taking their language with them.

Central place theory

all market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange and service provision

Dependency theory:

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

Core countries, semi periphery countries, periphery countries. Countries didn’t develop evenly, core countries take advantage of periphery.

Industrial Location Theory

field of economic geography that seeks to explain why industries locate where they do and how their location decisions impact economic outcomes. Several theories have been proposed to explain industrial location, including: Von Thünen Model, Weber's Theory of Industrial Location, Bid-Rent Theory, etc.

bid rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

environmental determinism

physical environment dictates the possibilities for society and culture

possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

sector model

the theory of urban structure that a city develops in a series of certain sectors, instead of rings.

galactic city model

presence of multiple centers of economic activity dispersed throughout the urban area, rather than a single CBD (more contemporary perspective, particularly in the context of rapidly growing cities in developing countries). City of Atlanta, has roads surrounding the main city.

Distance Decay

the farther away you are from a place, the less likely you are to interact with that place

Time space compression

the reduction of time it takes for something or someone to get from one place to another (counters distance decay)

Threshold (central place theory)

minimum number of people to support a service or business

Range (central place theory)

maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

Primate City

a city that has twice the population of the next largest city (has significant political, economic, social control over the rest of the country)

Rank-Size rule

Population of a settlement ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest settlement (2nd largest will be half of the largest, 3rd largest will have 1/3 of largest etc.)

Agglomeration (least cost theory)

clustering of similar economic activities and industries in a specific geographic area

labor costs (least cost theory)

any costs that come from workers producing the product

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

explains the location of industries based on minimizing production costs. According to this theory, the optimal location for an industry is determined by three main factors: transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration economies.

Transportation costs (least cost theory)

Any shipping costs connected to moving the resources, materials, and final product to the market

Stage 1 of DTM

High Birth Rate + High Death Rate (majority of human history)

Stage 2 of DTM

High Birth Rate + Decreasing Death rate (first occurred after industrial revolution). TRIANGLE POPULATION PYRAMID

Stage 3 of DTM

Decreasing Birth + Decreasing Death Rate. TURNING INTO A BOX POPULATION PYRAMID

Stage 4 of DTM

Low Birth + Low Death Rate. BOX PYRAMID

Stage 5 of DTM

Very Low Birth + Very Low Death (population decline). TOP HEAVY POPULATION PYRAMID

Stage 1 of ETM

People die to almost everything

Stage 2 of ETM

Decrease in diseases. Medicine

Stage 3 of ETM

Degenerative Diseases - cancer, heart disease, diabetes, etc.

Stage 4 of ETM

Fighting degenerative diseases. Medical advancements eg. open heart surgery, eating healthier, etc.

Stage 5 of ETM

Reemergence of Infectious Diseases. Parasitic and infectious diseases become prevalent again.

1st ring of von thunen model

Dairy and intensive farming, perishable products

2nd ring of von thunen model

Wood (heavy things are closer to market - least cost theory)

3rd ring of von thunen model

Grain and field Crops

4th ring of von thunen model

livestock and ranching

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

Traditional society → preconditions for takeoff → takeoff → drive to maturity → high mass consumption

Traditional Society (stage 1 of rostow’s)

stage where economic activity is largely agricultural and based on subsistence farming. There's limited technology, and social structures are traditional and often rigid.

Preconditions for takeoff (stage 2 of rostow’s)

In this stage, there's an increase in investment, particularly in infrastructure and education. Industrialization begins, and there's a shift from agriculture to industry. This stage is characterized by the emergence of entrepreneurship and the development of a more dynamic economy.

Takeoff (stage 3 of rostow’s)

The economy experiences rapid industrialization and urbanization. Growth becomes self-sustaining, and there's a significant increase in investment in various sectors of the economy. This stage often sees the development of key industries and the rise of cities as centers of economic activity.

Drive to maturity (stage 4 of rostow’s)

During this stage, the economy continues to diversify, with the service sector becoming increasingly important. There's a focus on improving efficiency and productivity across various industries. Technological innovation plays a significant role in driving growth, and living standards generally improve.

High mass consumption (stage 5 of rostow’s)

the economy is characterized by high levels of consumption and a focus on quality of life. People have access to a wide range of goods and services, and there's a strong middle class. The economy may also become more service-oriented, with services such as healthcare, education, and entertainment playing a significant role.