Studied by 106 people
spatial model
attempt to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes
urban model
try to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures
demographic transition models
non-spatial models that use population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space.
gravity model
A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.
epidemiological transition model (ETM)
specifically accounts for development due to the increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances
Heartland-Rimland model
designed to define the global geopolitical landscape and determine areas of potential future conflict
Von ThĂĽnen's Model
land use (the type of farming) is determined by how labor intensive the type of farming is
multiple nuclei model
a model that represents the Anglo-American city of the United States and Canada during the height of industrialization
Concentric zone model (burgess model)
First published in 1923 by theorist Ernest Burgess - According to this model, cities grow outward from a central core in a series of concentric rings, each with its own distinct characteristics.
Hoyt Sector Model vs Sector Model
Sector model - broad categorization referring to any urban theory that emphasizes the development of cities along transportation routes and in sectors rather than in concentric rings.
Hoyt Sector model - emphasizes the importance of transportation routes (in particular) on urban development
hoyt sector model
model emphasizes the influence of transportation routes on urban development and suggests that sectors of similar land use extend outward from the central business district (CBD) along transportation corridors. These sectors tend to form pie-shaped wedges radiating from the CBD, with different sectors housing different socioeconomic groups and land uses.
multiple nuclei model
Represents the post-industrial city with its several, dispersed business districts
Decentralization model
Represents a distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has transitioned to services as the leading form of production
Global city model (world city model)
Depicts the common urban landscapes of international locations
Latin American City model
Important as an example of the colonial city as effects of European colonial rule on many cities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia
Southeast Asian City Model
a spatial city model that includes an old colonial port zone that is the focal point of the city reflecting a city oriented around exports, and radiating outward from the port zone are the Western commercial zone and Alien commercial zone
The Sub-Saharan African City Model
a spatial city model that is difficult to formulate due to the imprint of European colonialism, but often consists of a colonial CBD as well as a traditional CBD, and a market zone that is surrounded by squatter settlements (informal satellite townships)
Malthusian Theory
The theory that population grows faster than food supply (population is exponential growth, food is arithmetic growth)
Anatolian theory
a group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent, and their language, were for some time concentrated in the peninsula that makes up most of present-day Turkey. Then, a large migration crossed the Hellespont into continental Europe and spread outward into a relatively unpopulated region.
Kurgan theory:
the same group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent instead made their way into Central Asia, and then migrated across the Eurasian stepped into Central and Western Europe, taking their language with them.
Central place theory
all market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange and service provision
Dependency theory:
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
Core countries, semi periphery countries, periphery countries. Countries didn’t develop evenly, core countries take advantage of periphery.
Industrial Location Theory
field of economic geography that seeks to explain why industries locate where they do and how their location decisions impact economic outcomes. Several theories have been proposed to explain industrial location, including: Von ThĂĽnen Model, Weber's Theory of Industrial Location, Bid-Rent Theory, etc.
bid rent theory
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
environmental determinism
physical environment dictates the possibilities for society and culture
possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
sector model
the theory of urban structure that a city develops in a series of certain sectors, instead of rings.
galactic city model
presence of multiple centers of economic activity dispersed throughout the urban area, rather than a single CBD (more contemporary perspective, particularly in the context of rapidly growing cities in developing countries). City of Atlanta, has roads surrounding the main city.
Distance Decay
the farther away you are from a place, the less likely you are to interact with that place
Time space compression
the reduction of time it takes for something or someone to get from one place to another (counters distance decay)
Threshold (central place theory)
minimum number of people to support a service or business
Range (central place theory)
maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
Primate City
a city that has twice the population of the next largest city (has significant political, economic, social control over the rest of the country)
Rank-Size rule
Population of a settlement ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest settlement (2nd largest will be half of the largest, 3rd largest will have 1/3 of largest etc.)
Agglomeration (least cost theory)
clustering of similar economic activities and industries in a specific geographic area
labor costs (least cost theory)
any costs that come from workers producing the product
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
explains the location of industries based on minimizing production costs. According to this theory, the optimal location for an industry is determined by three main factors: transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration economies.
Transportation costs (least cost theory)
Any shipping costs connected to moving the resources, materials, and final product to the market
Stage 1 of DTM
High Birth Rate + High Death Rate (majority of human history)
Stage 2 of DTM
High Birth Rate + Decreasing Death rate (first occurred after industrial revolution). TRIANGLE POPULATION PYRAMID
Stage 3 of DTM
Decreasing Birth + Decreasing Death Rate. TURNING INTO A BOX POPULATION PYRAMID
Stage 4 of DTM
Low Birth + Low Death Rate. BOX PYRAMID
Stage 5 of DTM
Very Low Birth + Very Low Death (population decline). TOP HEAVY POPULATION PYRAMID
Stage 1 of ETM
People die to almost everything
Stage 2 of ETM
Decrease in diseases. Medicine
Stage 3 of ETM
Degenerative Diseases - cancer, heart disease, diabetes, etc.
Stage 4 of ETM
Fighting degenerative diseases. Medical advancements eg. open heart surgery, eating healthier, etc.
Stage 5 of ETM
Reemergence of Infectious Diseases. Parasitic and infectious diseases become prevalent again.
1st ring of von thunen model
Dairy and intensive farming, perishable products
2nd ring of von thunen model
Wood (heavy things are closer to market - least cost theory)
3rd ring of von thunen model
Grain and field Crops
4th ring of von thunen model
livestock and ranching
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth
Traditional society → preconditions for takeoff → takeoff → drive to maturity → high mass consumption
Traditional Society (stage 1 of rostow’s)
stage where economic activity is largely agricultural and based on subsistence farming. There's limited technology, and social structures are traditional and often rigid.
Preconditions for takeoff (stage 2 of rostow’s)
In this stage, there's an increase in investment, particularly in infrastructure and education. Industrialization begins, and there's a shift from agriculture to industry. This stage is characterized by the emergence of entrepreneurship and the development of a more dynamic economy.
Takeoff (stage 3 of rostow’s)
The economy experiences rapid industrialization and urbanization. Growth becomes self-sustaining, and there's a significant increase in investment in various sectors of the economy. This stage often sees the development of key industries and the rise of cities as centers of economic activity.
Drive to maturity (stage 4 of rostow’s)
During this stage, the economy continues to diversify, with the service sector becoming increasingly important. There's a focus on improving efficiency and productivity across various industries. Technological innovation plays a significant role in driving growth, and living standards generally improve.
High mass consumption (stage 5 of rostow’s)
the economy is characterized by high levels of consumption and a focus on quality of life. People have access to a wide range of goods and services, and there's a strong middle class. The economy may also become more service-oriented, with services such as healthcare, education, and entertainment playing a significant role.
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