Studied by 37 people
Hindsight Bias
“I knew it all along”
Overconfidence
We think we know more than we do
Confirmation Bias
Paying attention to things that confirm your opinions.
Theory
Explanation of something after observation.
Hypothesis
Testable prediction
Operational Definitions
Carefully worded statement of exact procedure
Replication
repeating the essence of an experiment to see if results can be reprodcued
Descriptive Research
Describes behavior using case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys.
Case Studies
Individual is studied in depth
Naturalistic Observation
Observing and recording behavior in nature without control/manipulation.
Survey
Obtains self reported behaviors or attitudes of a group.
Sampling Bias
Flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
Population
All those in a group being studied
Radom Sample
Fairly reps population
Correlation
How well one factor predicts the other
Correlation Coefficient
Statistical index of relationship (-1—>1)
Variables
Anything that varies
Scatterplots
Graphed cluster to rep two variables
Illusory Correlation
Perceived nonexistent correlation
Regression toward the mean
Extreme data point falls back to average.
Experiment
Manipulation to observe behavior or processes
Experimental Group
Group exposed to treatment
Control Group
Group not exposed to treatment
Random assignment
Assign
Double-blind Procedure
Both participants and researchers are ignorant of who is receiving treatment vs no treatment.
Placebo Effect
The power of expectations.
Independent Variable
Factor that is being manipulated.
Dependent Variable
Outcome that is measured.
Confounding Variable
An outside influencing factor.
Validity
Extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to.
Informed Consent
Participants have enough info to choose whether or not they will continue.
Debrief
After experiment explanation of how participants were deceived during treatments.
IRB (Institutional Review Board)
Ethics committee
Descriptive Statistics
Numerical data used to measure characteristics of groups.
Histogram
Mode
Most frequently occurring score
Mean
Average
Median
Middle score
Skew
Lack of symmetry around average va
Range
Difference between highest and lowest scores.
Standard Deviation
Variation around mean score
SD Formula
√sum of (deviations)²/ # of scores
Normal Curve
Bell Shaped curve
Inferential Statistics
Numerical data that we generalize to a population.
Statistical Significant
Likelihood that result occurred by chance (5%)
Mean is lower than median
Negatively skewed
Mean is higher than median
Postively skewed
Note 
Flashcard (35)