Chapter 1

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

mass

the measure of the amount of matter

weight

the measure of the Earth's gravitational pull on matter

atom

the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element

element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler stable substances (one kind of atom)

compound

a pure substance that can be chemically broken down into simpler, stable, substances (made of atoms of 2 or more elements that combine chemically)

properties

characteristics that allows us to distinguish one kind of matter from another (2 kinds; extensive & intensive)

extensive

depends on the amount of matter present (volume, length, mass, etc.)

intensive

does not depend on the amount present (boiling point, melting point, density, etc.)

physical property

a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing its' identity (boiling, melting, etc.)

physical change

any change in property that does not change its' identity (phase changes, etc.)

chemical property

a substance's ability to undergo changes that transforms it into different substances (burn, rust, tarnish, etc.)

chemical change/reaction

a change in which 1 or more substances are converted to other substances

pure substance

the composition is the same throughout; cannot be separated by physical means (elements & compounds)

mixture

a combination of 2 or more substances where each retain its identity & properties; can be separated by physical means (2 types)

heterogenous

composition & properties are not uniform throughout

homogenous

composition & properties are uniform throughout

homogenous

Are pure substances always homogenous or heterogenous?

1. production of light
2. production of gas
3. energy change (hotter/colder)
4. production of a precipitate
5. color change

What are the 5 pieces of evidence of a chemical reaction?

pure substance and mixture

What can matter be classifies as?

atoms, elements, compounds

What is the hierarchy of compounds, elements and atoms?

organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, and theoretical

What are the 6 branches of chemistry?

physical change

dissolving salt in water; chemical or physical change?

chemical change

food rotting; chemical or physical change?

chemical change

nail rusting; chemical or physical change?

physical change

cutting plastic; chemical or physical change?

chemical change

burning sticks; chemical or physical change?

chemical change

copper nitrate and sodium hydroxide forms a precipitate; chemical or physical change?

intensive

ductility of copper; intensive or extensive?

intensive

boiling point of water; intensive or extensive?

extensive

beaker's mass; intensive or extensive?

extensive

volume of water; intensive or extensive?

compound

sugar; mixture, element, compound?

mixture

chocolate chip cookie; mixture, element, compound?

mixture

brass; mixture, element, compound?

compound

salt; mixture, element, compound?

element

copper; mixture, element, compound?

mixture

sugar water; mixture, element, compound?

heterogenous

pop-tarts; heterogenous or homogenous?

homogenous

gatorade; heterogenous or homogenous?

heterogenous

iron and pepper; heterogenous or homogenous?

organic chemistry

the study of most carbon-containing compounds

inorganic chemistry

the study of non-organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals (organometallics)

physical chemistry

the study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy

analytical chemistry

the identification of the components and composition of materials

biochemistry

the study of substances and processes occurring in living things

theoretical chemistry

the use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds

gain knowledge

What is the primary motivation behind basic research?

solve a particular problem

What is applied research designed to do?

physical science

What is chemistry usually classifies as?

heterogenous

iron ore; homogenous or heterogenous

homogenous

quartz; heterogenous or homogenous

homogenous

salt; heterogenous or homogenous