BIOLOGY- GENTICS TEST

ABO blood group system

A classification system for human blood based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B, resulting in four blood types: A, B, AB, and O.

Allele

Different versions of a gene that exist at a specific locus on a chromosome; can be dominant or recessive.

Autosomal genes/traits

Genes located on the autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) that contribute to various traits, inherited in a Mendelian fashion.

Clumping - blood reactions

The agglutination or clumping of blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types mix, leading to dangerous immune responses.

Codominance

A genetic scenario where both alleles in a heterozygous organism contribute equally to the phenotype, such as in AB blood type.

Complete dominance

Occurs when one allele completely masks the effects of another in a heterozygous pairing.

Incomplete dominance

Involves blending traits, leading to a third phenotype in a heterozygous pairing.

Dominant vs. recessive

Dominant alleles express their trait in a heterozygous pairing, while recessive alleles only display their trait if homozygous.

Dihybrid cross

A genetic cross that examines two traits, used to demonstrate the law of independent assortment.

Gamete

Sex cells (sperm and eggs) that carry alleles to offspring, produced through meiosis.

Genotype

The genetic makeup (alleles) of an individual.

Phenotype

The observable trait resulting from the genotype.

Heredity

The process by which traits and characteristics are passed from parents to offspring.

Heterozygous

Individuals carrying two different alleles for a trait.

Homozygous

Individuals carrying two of the same alleles for a trait.

Law of independent assortment

Mendel's principle stating that alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells independently.

Law of segregation

The principle stating that alleles segregate from each other during the formation of gametes.

Mendelian genetics

Follows predictable patterns of inheritance, such as dominant/recessive traits.

Non-Mendelian genetics

Includes complex inheritance patterns, such as polygenic inheritance and gene linkage.

Multiple alleles

Situations where more than two alleles exist for a particular gene within a population.

Pedigree

A diagram representing the lineage or descent of individuals, used to track genetic disorders.

Sex-linked (X-linked) traits

Traits associated with genes found on the X chromosome, showing unique inheritance patterns.

Testcross

A method to determine an organism's genotype by breeding it with a homozygous recessive individual.

Universal donor

Type O blood, known for being able to be given to any blood type.

Universal recipient

Type AB blood, which can receive from all blood types.