Studied by 3 people
The 4 elements that make up the majority of the human body
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Calcium
Muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, used to build bones and teeth
Chlorine
nervous system communication, red blood cell function
Iron
Binds oxygen, electron transport proteins
Phosphorus
used in metabolism to capture energy in nutrients
Potassium and Sodium
muscle contraction, nerve impulse, regulates body fluid balance
Ionic chemical bond
The complete transfer of one electron from one element to another, generates salt compound, is important b/c water easily breaks salts generating charged Ions (electrolytes)
Covalent Bonds
sharing electrons between two elements, is important b/c they are stable and strong in water and when broken they release energy that can be captured by the phosphates in ATP
Non-polar covalent
electrons shared equally resulting in a neutral molecule. Freely mobile
Polar Covalent
electrons shared unequally resulting in partially charged molecule. Attached to other substances
Hydrogen bonds
bond formed when hydrogen, already covalently linked to an atom is attracted to a negatively charged molecule. Important b/c it folds things repeatedly fold and unfold like DNA and proteins.
Proton
Positive charge
Electron
Negative charge
Neutron
Neutral/ no charge
Polar solvent
polarity is used to surround molecules in solvation cages keeping materials in solution
High Heat Capacity
releases and absorbs heat with little temperature change and helps prevent sudden temperature changes
Reactivity
added or subtracted from molecules during chemical reactions
Cushion/Protector
helps protect organs from physical trauma
Lubricant
helps reduce friction between organs and between solutes and vessel walls
Acids
Substances that release hydrogen into solution decreasing pH
Bases
accepts hydrogen from different solutions increasing pH
Homeostasis
Balance of the body. How your body regulates in order to function. If something is out of line then messes up bodily function.
Carbohydrates
made up by the monosaccharide glucose, used to build DNA and RNA
Carbohydrate function
metabolism, cells use glucose to generate ATP
Which monosaccharide is the main metabolizable sugar
glucose
Which polysaccharide do humans store in the liver and muscle
Glycogen
Which 3 areas of the body depend almost exclusively on carbohydrates for energy
Brain, red blood cells, and kidneys
What two body organs specialize in storing glycogen
liver and skeletal muscle
What two building blocks are triglycerides composed of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids chains
What is the body’s use for lipids?
Source of stored energy, and serves to protect and insulate organs
What are phospholipids used for
the main component of cell membranes
4 uses of cholesterol in our body
make cell membranes, steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
What monomers are protein built from?
Amino acids
What is the name of the bond that holds amino acids together?
Peptide bond
What bond helps protein maintain their 3-D shape
Hydrogen Bond
What determines a protein’s function?
order of amino acid and shape
Enzyme
proteins that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions, but neither formed or consumed in the reaction
Step 1 of enzymatic reaction
Enzymes first bind reactants bringing them into close proximity
Step 2 of enzymatic reaction
reactants combine or break apart to form products and ATP is usually needed
Step 3 of enzymatic reaction
enzyme releases the product
What are the monomers of Nucleic acid?
Nucleotides
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, used to serve as blueprints for protein synthesis and hereditary material is passed down from generation to the next.
What is a gene?
Blueprints for protein synthesis and is material that gets passed down through generations
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate which is modified RNA nucleotide with two extra phosphates.
Why must cells make ATP?
It provides the chemical energy that is directly used in all cell processes
what is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
the copy of DNA that leaves the nucleus which is then read by ribsomes to generate proteins
What is rRNA’s role in protein synthesis
the part of the ribosome that helps to manufacture protein
tRNA function in protein synthesis
delivers the amino acids to ribosomes
Where does transcription take place in the cell?
inside the nucleus
What enzyme is critical to forming bonds between monomers during transcription?
RNA polymerarse
What enzyme is produced by transcription?
messenger RNA
Where does translation take place inside the cell?
in the ribosome
What enzyme is crucial for translation
transfer RNA
Transcription
the process of turning DNA into RNA
Translation
takes place AFTER transcription, the process when ribosomes synthesize proteins
Simple diffusion
The random movement of a molecule producing equal dispersion throughout a solution.
Simple diffusion usage
moves down the concentration gradient from high to low solute. Does not contain transport proteins
Facilitated Diffusion
involves carrier or channel proteins and moves from high to low solute down the gradient
Osmosis
water moves from low to high solute concentration. Involves aquaporis transport proteins
Primary active transport
involves protein pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes.
Primary active transport usage
electricity, moving water, and to feed nutrients to cells
involves sodium and potassium pump, sodium glucose symport transporter. Sodium flows down its concentration gradient and brings glucose with it while glucose tries to flow against the gradient.
Secondary Active Transport
Vesicular Transport
using vesicles to transport “packages”
What solutes use vesicular transport?
neurons in order to release neurotransmitters, hormones, and larger molecules
Golgi Apparatus
tags, sorts, and packages proteins into secondary vesicles
Lymosome
the main recycling center of the cell, site of digestion of old organelles and pathogens (bacteria)
Nucleus
control center of the cell, stores DNA, transcription, and DNA replication
Nucleoli
site of ribosome biogenesis
Mitochondria
the main energy generator (ATP) generator for the cell, Celluar respiration
Plasma membrane
selective mechanical barrier that determines what can enter and exit the cell
peroxisome
site of digestion of fatty acids and amino acids and synthesis of specific types of lipids
proteosome
digestion of damaged, misfolded proteins
Ribosome
translation of proteins destined to use within cells
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
translation of proteins destined for secretion, plasma membrane, and lymosomes, also vesicle formation and transports proteins to golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
site of synthesis of lipids (steroids) and detoxification of drugs and vesicle formation
Where does the sodium potassium pump concentrate sodium and potassium?
Sodium is concentrated outside the cell and potassium is inside the cell
Tonicity
measure of the ability of a solution to move water
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