APUSH MIDTERM REVIEW

Colombian Exchange (N-O)

potatoes, syphilis, tobacco, gold + silver, vanilla

Colombian Exchange (O-N)

horse, cows, pigs, sugar, wheat, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague

Colombian Exchange on NA

• lowered population (diseases - NA had no immunity)

• brought new tech (metal tools, firearms, horses)

• forced tribes out of their land

• forced labor systems

Encomienda System

• gov gives Europeans natives to convert to Christianity

• they work for protection and religious instruction

• NA endured harsh conditions and exploitation

CE Effects on Europe

• gold + silver from Americas increased wealth of Euro nations

• spread of ideas, food, products = more trade and interaction between places

• expanded Euro territory (led to other nations trying to get land in N America) - led to competition and conflict

Triangular Trade

Mercantilism led to America sending raw materials to Europe, Europe sent finished products to America and Africa, Africa sent slaves to America through the Middle Passage

Middle Passage: brutal sea voyage that enslaved Africans were forced to endure across the Atlantic, they were then sold to work on plantations

CE Euro v. Native POV

Euro: positive, economic benefits, fueling trade, expansion

Native: rapid population decrease, loss of recourses and land, power shift to Europeans

Reasons for Discovery after 1450

• many people wanted valuable resources from the Americas (gold + silver) to gain wealth

• religious motives (spread Christianity)

• desire for new trade routes to Asia (faster and more profitable)

Colonies: Plymouth-Separatists

• founded by English Puritans

• unhappy w Church of England (separated)

• community based on religious beliefs

• Mayflower Compact: doc to maintain order and focus on self-governance

• alliances w NA tribes (Wampanoag)

Colonies: Unhealthy Chesapeake

• disease: low life expectancy (men 31, woman 36)

• few women

• changes over time

• Tobacco Industry Grows

  • need for labor

  • headright system (settlers would get 50 acres of land for every indentured servant’s trip they payed for)

  • bacons rebellion (1676)

    • Nathaniel Bacon (wanted to push NA out of Virginia)

    • Governor Berkeley (flees)

    • tensions remained)

Colonies: Rhode Island

• people who were outcasts in society went here

• religious freedom

• separation of church and state

Colonies: Middle Colonies

• fertile soil (“breadbasket”)

• NY and Philadelphia= trade, busy ports, commerce, interaction with other colonies and Europe

• diverse population

• religious tolerance, mix of cultures

Colonies: Southern Colonies (political and economic)

• agricultural

• cash crops – tobacco, rice and indigo

  • enslaved Africans

• Wealthy planters held large power and influence

• economy deeply connected with Atlantic trade network

• hierarchal, small middle class, a lot of slaves

Colonies: Comparisons to New England

• Middle colonies: better soil, diverse population, grain production, tolerant (ish)

• Southern: good soil, slavery, reliant on crops/production, social structure

•   New England: diverse + tolerant, economy relied on shipbuilding and fishing

Problems w England: Acts

• stamp act 1765, required tax on certain documents and publications, to raise money for Britain after the 7 years' war

• Sugar act of 1764, directly taxed America for power, British wanted to pay debt, stop smuggling through trade, British wanted colonists to pay for protection\

• Quartering act 1765, required colonial authorities to provide food and shelter for British soldiers, helps cost of Maintenance for British

• Declaration act 1776, repeal stamp act, declare their authority