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Colombian Exchange (N-O)
potatoes, syphilis, tobacco, gold + silver, vanilla
Colombian Exchange (O-N)
horse, cows, pigs, sugar, wheat, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague
Colombian Exchange on NA
lowered population (diseases - NA had no immunity)
brought new tech (metal tools, firearms, horses)
forced tribes out of their land
forced labor systems
Encomienda System
gov gives Europeans natives to convert to Christianity
they work for protection and religious instruction
NA endured harsh conditions and exploitation
CE Effects on Europe
gold + silver from Americas increased wealth of Euro nations
spread of ideas, food, products = more trade and interaction between places
expanded Euro territory (led to other nations trying to get land in N America) - led to competition and conflict
Triangular Trade
Mercantilism led to America sending raw materials to Europe, Europe sent finished products to America and Africa, Africa sent slaves to America through the Middle Passage
Middle Passage: brutal sea voyage that enslaved Africans were forced to endure across the Atlantic, they were then sold to work on plantations
CE Euro v. Native POV
Euro: positive, economic benefits, fueling trade, expansion
Native: rapid population decrease, loss of recourses and land, power shift to Europeans
Reasons for Discovery after 1450
many people wanted valuable resources from the Americas (gold + silver) to gain wealth
religious motives (spread Christianity)
desire for new trade routes to Asia (faster and more profitable)
Colonies: Plymouth-Separatists
founded by English Puritans
unhappy w Church of England (separated)
community based on religious beliefs
Mayflower Compact: doc to maintain order and focus on self-governance
alliances w NA tribes (Wampanoag)
Colonies: Unhealthy Chesapeake
disease: low life expectancy (men 31, woman 36)
few women
changes over time
Tobacco Industry Grows
need for labor
headright system (settlers would get 50 acres of land for every indentured servant’s trip they payed for)
bacons rebellion (1676)
Nathaniel Bacon (wanted to push NA out of Virginia)
Governor Berkeley (flees)
tensions remained)
Colonies: Rhode Island
people who were outcasts in society went here
religious freedom
separation of church and state
Colonies: Middle Colonies
fertile soil (“breadbasket”)
NY and Philadelphia= trade, busy ports, commerce, interaction with other colonies and Europe
diverse population
religious tolerance, mix of cultures
Colonies: Southern Colonies (political and economic)
agricultural
cash crops – tobacco, rice and indigo
enslaved Africans
Wealthy planters held large power and influence
economy deeply connected with Atlantic trade network
hierarchal, small middle class, a lot of slaves
Colonies: Comparisons to New England
Middle colonies: better soil, diverse population, grain production, tolerant (ish)
Southern: good soil, slavery, reliant on crops/production, social structure
New England: diverse + tolerant, economy relied on shipbuilding and fishing
Problems w England: Acts
stamp act 1765, required tax on certain documents and publications, to raise money for Britain after the 7 years' war
Sugar act of 1764, directly taxed America for power, British wanted to pay debt, stop smuggling through trade, British wanted colonists to pay for protection\
Quartering act 1765, required colonial authorities to provide food and shelter for British soldiers, helps cost of Maintenance for British
Declaration act 1776, repeal stamp act, declare their authority
