M2 - Basic Computer Principles

Computer

Computer

Programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve & process data.

Input Devices

Any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.

Examples of Input Devices

1. Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Microphones

4. Barcode readers

5. Touch screens

6. Image scanners

Output Devices

-Any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into a human-perceptible form -Can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or video

Examples of Output Devices

1. Monitors

2. Printers

3. Speakers

Binary Code

The computer takes data from the user and processes it using a machine language of 1s and 0s, known as

Binary code 1

✓ Transistor circuit is closed ✓ Current passes through

Binary code 0

✓ Transistor circuit is open ✓ No current passes

bit

Each 1 and each 0 represents a

bit

• single unit of data

Byte

• made up of eight bits

Byte

• amount of memory needed to store one alphanumeric character

Case

To hold all the components in a relatively cool, clean, and safe environment.

Case

To shield the outside environment from the radio frequencies being emitted by the electronic components of the computer.

Largest circuitry board inside the computer

Largest circuitry board inside the computer

Components of MOBO

1. CPU

2. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

3. Bus

4. Memory

5. Ports

6. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductors (CMOS)

CPU

• Brain of the computer

CPU

• Consists of a series of transistors that are arranged to manipulate data received from the software.

Central Processing Unit (Microprocessor)

CPU meaning

Basic task of a CPU:

1. To read data from storage

2. Manipulate the data

3. Then move the data back to storage or send it to external devices, such as monitors & printers

1979

First microprocessor was made by Intel in

8088

First microprocessor was called the

8088

Needs 12 cycle to complete 1 basic instruction

Pentium 4

1 instruction per cycle

i5

3GHz, 3 thousand million instructions per second

BIOS

Contains a simple set of instructions for the computer

BIOS

The microprocessor uses the ___ during the boot-up process of the computer to help bring the computer to life

BIOS

Oversees the basic functions of receiving & interpreting signals from the keyboard and interchanging information with various ports

BIOS

Intermediary between the operating system & the hardware.

Bus

• Series of connections, controllers, and chips that creates the information highway of the computer

Bus

• Provides the connections for the information to flow within the computer

Bus found in computer

PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect SCSI – Small Computer System Interface AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port USB – Universal Serial Bus

Peripheral Component Interconnect

PCI

SCSI

Small Computer System Interface

AGP

Accelerated Graphics Port

USB

Universal Serial Bus

Memory

• Used to store information currently being processed within the CPU • Also known as RAM

RAM

is short-term storage for open programs

RAM

is only temporary, once the PC is turned off, the ___ is wiped clean

Ports

• Collection of connectors sticking out of the back of the PC that link:

Examples of Por

✓ Adapter cards ✓ Drives ✓ Printers ✓ Scanners ✓ Keyboards ✓ Mouse ✓ Other peripherals that may be used

Types of Ports

1. Parallel

2. Serial

3. USB

4. IDE – Integrated Drive Electrons

5. SCSI – Small Computer System Interface

Integrated Drive Electrons

IDE

Small Computer System Interface

SCSI

Parallel Port

25 pin connector 8 bits of data

Serial Port

9-25 pin connector 1 bit of data

USB Port

Most common wired connection Multiple devices may be connected into 1 port

IDE (Integrated Drive Electrons)

Found in the motherboard Connects the hard drive, floppy drive, CD-ROM drive to the board

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

Fastest & most versatile way for a PC to communicate with its peripherals

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

Can manage up to 7 devices through a daisy chain connection

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

1. Hard drives

2. CD-ROM drives

3. Scanners

4. Printers

CMOS

• Special type of memory chip

CMOS

• Special type of memory chip

CMOS

• Also the location of the system clock that keeps track of the date & time

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductors

CMOS

quartz crystal

System clock uses a vibrating ____ ____ to set the speed for the CPU.

Sound Card

• Contains all the circuitry for recording & reproducing sound on the PC.

WAV, MP3, MIDI

Sound card interprets many file types such as:

Waveform Audio Files

WAV

Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer 3 Files

MP3

Musical Instrument Digital Interface

MIDI

NIC

• Has a RJ-45 adapter jack at the rear of the PC for a twisted-pair wire with RJ-45 connector

NIC

• Comes as an expansion card plugged into a slot or as part of the PC motherboard circuitry

NIC

• Enables the PC to connect to other PCs that are on the same network

Network Interface Card

NIC

Power Supply

• Designed to take the brunt of the force if the computer ever receives a power surge • Delivers all electricity to the PC & contains a fan to help keep the inside cool • Contains transformer that converts AC to DC in the voltages appropriate for each powered device

Hard Drive

• Made up of many hard, thin magnetic platters that are stacked one on top of the other with only enough space for a read-write head to glide over the surface of the disks • The disks are spun at a fast speed by a small motor, & The read/write head glides to the area that houses the information needed & reads/writes as asked • Main repository for programs & documents on a PC

CD

Compact Disk

CD

• Thin injection-molded polycarbonate plastic disk • Has microscopic bumps that indicate either a 1 or 0 to the computer • Can hold up to 74 minutes of music or approx. 780 MB of data

DVD

Digital Versatile Disk

DVD

• Holds up to 7 times more than the CD • Single-sided 9.4 GB • Double-sided 17 GB

3 main types of CD/DVD

1. CD-ROM (Read Only Memory)

2. CD-R (Write Once-read Many)

3. CD-RW (Read And Write Many Times)

CD-RW

Read And Write Many Times • erasable disc that can be reused • The data on a CD-RW disc can be erased and recorded over numerous times.

CD-R

Read Only Memory • Write Once Read Multiple (WORM) disc. • can only record data once and then the data becomes permanent on the disc.

CD-ROM

Read Only Memory • created commercially and cannot save data once they have been created

Peripherals

Peripherals

Monitors

1. CRT – Cathode Ray Tube

2. LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

3. OLED – Organic Light-emitting diode

4. AMOLED - Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes

AMOLED

Organic Light-emitting diode

OLED

Liquid Crystal Display

LCD

Cathode Ray Tube

CRT

Pixel

• Basic picture element on a display

Resolution

• Number of pixels on a display • Process or capability to distinguish adjacent parts

higher

The more pixels in an image, the ____ the resolution.

Matrix

Rectangular or square table of numbers that represents the pixel intensity to be displayed on the monitor Matrix • Measurement of how clos

Dot pitch

• Measurement of how close the dots are located to one another within a pixel

finer

The smaller the dot pitch of a display, the finer the resolution.

Advantage of CRT

1. Less expensive

2. Better color representation

3. More responsive

4. Can provide multiple resolutions

5. More rugged and can sustain rough handling

Disadvantage of LCD

1. Less space

2. Consumes less power

3. Produces less heat

4. Surface produces little or no glare

5. Requires a smaller frame around display

Disadvantage of CRT

1. Bulky

2. Larger viewing are, the deeper & heavier the unit

3. Not easily adjusted for viewing at different heights & angles

Operating System

OS

OS

• Software that controls the computer hardware & acts as a bridge between applications & the hardware • Computers must have an __ for it to be able to fully function as it was intended

4 Types of OS

Real-time OS Single-user, Single-task Single-user, Multitask Multiuser

Single-user/Multitask

• Designed for one user to perform multiple functions at the same time, such as the OS on a PC.

Multiuser

• Designed to handle multiple users and multiple tasks at the same time, such as UNIX running on a large server or as a mainframe computer supporting an entire company.

Computers in the Radiology Department

Front desk - File room - RT Workstation - (Console) - Radiologist -Reading Room