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What is systematics based on?
Morphology and/or molecular data
What are the different qualitative character states?
Shape
Behavior
Color
What are the different quantitative character states?
Number of spines
Presence/absence
DNA sequence similarity
What characters are usually not useful in defining a taxon?
Environmentally variable morphological characters
What is an example of an environmentally variable morphological character?
Butterfly wing color varies by season
What are some examples of homoplasy in insects?
Wings of insects
Silk production
Praying mantis body plan
Ant agriculture
“Slave-Making” behavior in ants
What are the 3 criteria necessary for homology?
Common ancestry
Structural similarity (same pattern, despite different functions)
Developmental pathways (embryology)