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Protest
A form of political participation where individuals publicly express their grievances or demands to bring attention to a specific issue or cause.
Traditional political participation
Conventional methods of political engagement, such as voting, attending political rallies, or joining political parties.
Digital political participation
Political engagement through online platforms and social media, including activities like sharing political content, signing online petitions, or participating in online discussions.
Suffrage
The right to vote in political elections.
Insurrection
A violent uprising against an established authority or government.
Overall turnout levels
The percentage of eligible citizens who participate in elections.
Effects of turnout on policy
The impact of voter turnout on the election of candidates, government policies, and trust in government.
GOTV (get-out-the-vote)
Actions and programs designed to encourage people to vote in elections, including door-to-door canvassing, phone calls, and internet outreach.
Age
The demographic factor that influences an individual's likelihood of voting, with older people tending to vote more than young people.
Education
The level of education an individual has, which affects their political participation, with higher education leading to greater political engagement.
Income
The amount of money an individual earns, which can influence their level of political participation, with higher-income individuals participating more in politics.
Race
The racial background of an individual, which can impact their voting rates and political preferences.
Political efficacy
The belief that one's political actions and opinions can make a difference and that politicians care about their views.
Internal Political Efficacy
The confidence an individual has in their own ability to understand and participate in politics.
External Political Efficacy
The belief that the political system responds to the input and concerns of individuals.
Constitutional amendments pertaining to voting
The 15th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, and 26th Amendments, which expanded voting rights to different groups of citizens.
Motor voter
The National Voter Registration Act, which combines voter registration with other bureaucratic tasks, such as obtaining a driver's license or receiving public assistance.
Election Day Registration (EDR)
The ability to register to vote on Election Day at the polling place.
Same Day Registration (SDR)
The option to register to vote on the same day as the election.
Early voting
The opportunity to vote in person before Election Day without having to provide an excuse.
Closing date
The deadline to complete voter registration to be eligible to vote in an upcoming election.
Absentee voting
Voting by mail, allowing individuals to cast their ballots without physically going to a polling place.
For the People Act
A bill aimed at expanding voting rights and improving election integrity, including measures like making Election Day a federal holiday and promoting voting by mail.
John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement
Legislation aimed at restoring and strengthening the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which required certain jurisdictions to receive preclearance from the U.S. Department of Justice before changing their election laws.
Shelby County v. Holder
A Supreme Court case ruled the coverage formula of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 as outdated and unenforceable, allowing states to pass and enforce controversial election laws including photo ID laws.
Photo ID laws
Laws requiring voters to present a valid photo identification in order to vote.
Prospective voting
Making judgments based on expectations of a candidate's future performance and their planned ideas and intentions.
Retrospective voting
Making judgments based on a candidate's or party's prior performance and how successfully they handled issues in the past.
Rational abstention thesis
The theory that individuals may choose not to vote when the perceived costs of voting outweigh the expected benefits.
Primary
An election where voters choose the candidate to represent their political party in the general election.
Caucus
A meeting where individuals vote for delegates to attend the party conventions and adopt party platforms.
Secret ballots
A voting method where individuals cast their votes privately, without revealing their choices to others.
General Election
The election where candidates from different parties face off to determine the final winner.
Open Primaries
Primaries where voters can choose the party primary in which they wish to participate.
Closed Primaries
Primaries where participation is restricted to voters registered with the respective parties.
Super delegates
Elected officials, high-ranking party officials, and distinguished persons who have voting power in the presidential nomination process.
Frontloading
Moving caucuses and primaries earlier in the election calendar to give states more influence in the nomination process.
Electoral College
The system used to elect the President of the United States, where electors from each state cast their votes based on the popular vote in their state.
Interest
a concept that allows the state to regulate a matter
Solidary incentives
Benefits that people receive from interacting with like-minded individuals and forming friendships within interest groups.
Purposive benefits
Satisfaction obtained from working on a cause, regardless of the cause's nature.
Economic benefits
Benefits obtained by interest groups that result in economic advantages, such as tax breaks or laws that benefit industries/workers.
Free rider
Individuals who benefit from the efforts of interest groups without actively participating or contributing.
Selective benefits
Benefits provided by interest groups to their members, such as the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) offering benefits to retired individuals.
Elitist theory
Theory that suggests policymaking is influenced by a small group of wealthy and powerful individuals.
Pluralist theory
Theory that holds that policymaking is a competition among diverse interest groups, preventing one set of interests from gaining too much power.
Class bias
The tendency for special interests to gain undue influence, while the interests of the poor receive less attention.
Partisan identification
A psychological attachment that individuals develop toward a political party, providing a sense of identity in politics.
Party ID as a heuristic
Party identification serves as a mental shortcut for voting and following politics, making it easier to understand the political process and current events.
Two-party system
A political system in which two major parties dominate the electoral landscape.
Duverger's Law
The observation that single-member districts with plurality elections tend to produce two-party systems.
Third parties
Political parties other than the two major parties, often facing challenges in gaining success due to media coverage, financial reasons, and ballot restrictions.
Spoilers
Third parties that siphon votes from one of the major parties, potentially affecting election outcomes.
Ralph Nader
A third-party candidate who ran in the 2000 election and was seen as a potential spoiler.
