10th Grade U.S. History II – Study Guide

What is Manifest Destiny?

The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent.

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 do?

Offered free land to settlers willing to farm it.

What was the significance of the Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869?

It connected the East and West and increased settlement and trade.

What was the reservation system concerning Native Americans?

A policy that allowed the government to designate specific areas for Native American tribes.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876?

It was a significant victory for Native Americans against U.S. forces.

What occurred during the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890?

The killing of hundreds of Native Americans by U.S. soldiers.

What are boomtowns?

Rapidly growing towns that emerge during resource booms, which often decline when resources run out.

What led to the decline of the Cattle Kingdom?

The rise of barbed wire and railroads.

What impact did westward expansion have on buffalo populations?

It led to their significant destruction due to overhunting and habitat loss.

What was the Dawes Act?

A law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.

What economic movement rose as a response to industrialization among farmers?

Populism.

What characterized the Second Industrial Revolution?

The introduction of new technologies such as steel, electricity, and telephones.

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

A major industrialist known for his dominance in the steel industry.

What industry did John D. Rockefeller dominate?

The oil industry.

What are monopolies?

Market structures where a single company or group has complete control over an industry.

What are trusts in business practices?

Groups of businesses that come together to control prices and limit competition.

What does vertical integration mean?

A business practice where a company controls all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods.

What does horizontal integration involve?

A business practice where a company acquires competitors to increase market share.

What were common working conditions during industrialization?

Long hours, low wages, and dangerous factory conditions.

What was the Knights of Labor?

An organization that aimed to unite all workers regardless of skill level.

What major event was the Haymarket Riot?

A labor protest that turned violent, impacting labor movements.

What was the Homestead Strike?

A strike at Carnegie's steel plant that ended violently.

What was the Pullman Strike?

A nationwide railroad strike that disrupted transport and was dealt with federal intervention.

What was a significant effect of industrialization on economy?

Rapid economic growth and the rise of mass production.

How did industrialization affect the gap between rich and poor?

It widened the gap significantly.

What types of immigration are categorized as Old and New?

Old immigration came from Northern/Western Europe; New immigration came from Southern/Eastern Europe and Asia.

What are push factors in immigration?

Conditions that drive people to leave their home country, such as poverty and war.

What are pull factors in immigration?

Conditions that attract people to move to a new country, such as jobs and freedom.

What were Ellis Island and Angel Island?

Processing centers for immigrants arriving in the United States.

What is nativism?

Hostility toward immigrants and the idea of protecting native-born interests.

What legislation exemplified nativism in the U.S.?

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

What does urbanization refer to?

The growth of cities due to immigration and job opportunities.

What living conditions did urban immigrants often face?

Overcrowding in tenements, poor sanitation, and lack of services.

What were political machines?

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in cities.

What solution was proposed for urban problems in the early 20th century?

Settlement houses, like Jane Addams’ Hull House.

What types of public health reforms were initiated in urban areas?

Improvements in sanitation and health services.

What was a key goal of the Progressive Movement?

To address issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption.

Who were muckrakers?

Journalists who exposed social issues and corruption.

What did Upton Sinclair's book, 'The Jungle', focus on?

Reforms in the meatpacking industry.

What was the purpose of the 17th Amendment?

To establish the direct election of U.S. senators.

What was the significance of the 19th Amendment?

It granted women the right to vote.

What reform addressed child labor issues?

Child labor laws.

What key executive policy did Theodore Roosevelt promote?

Trust-busting and conservation.

What did the Clayton Antitrust Act aim to do?

Strengthen antitrust laws to prevent monopolistic practices.

What were the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act?

Laws to ensure safe food and medicine production.

What was one reason for U.S. imperialism?

Economic interests, such as new markets and raw materials.

What influence did Alfred Mahan have on U.S. foreign policy?

He advocated for naval power and expansion.

What was an important event during the Spanish-American War?

The sinking of the USS Maine and subsequent U.S. intervention.

What did the Platt Amendment accomplish?

It made Cuba a U.S. protectorate.

What was the Panama Canal's impact?

It increased trade and enhanced naval mobility.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

It asserted the U.S. right to intervene in Latin America.

What was a major effect of U.S. imperialism?

The U.S. became a world power with greater global influence.

What was a common debate regarding U.S. imperialism?

Discussions about the ethics of imperialism vs. anti-imperialism.