Skeletal tissue
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Hyaline cartilage
Provides support, flexibility, resilience/joints, ribs, larynx
Elastic cartilage
Contains elastic fibers/ ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Thick collagen fibers, has great tensile strength/knee, vertebrae discs
Bone functions
Support, protection, movement, mineral + growth, hematopoiesis, triglyceride, hormone production
Major cells of cartilage
Chondrocytes
Axial skeleton
Skull, ribs, vertebrae
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs, girdles
4 classes of bone
Long, short, irregular, flat
Long bone
Longer than wide/limbs
Short bone
Cubes/wrist, patella
Flat
Ribs
Irregular
Vertebrae, hips
Diaphysis
Shaft
Epiphysis
Ends
Red bone marrow
Produces blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
Stores fat
Periosteum
Lines outside of compact bone, secures membrane to bone
Endosteum
Line inside of compact bone
3 bone markings
Projection, depression, opening
Projection
Outward bulge
Depression
Bowl/groove
Opening
Hole
Osteon
Structural unit of compact bone
2 organic components of bones
Cells, extra cellular matrix
Intramembranous ossification
Skull, clavicle/ fibrous connective tissue
Endochondral ossification
Long bones, appendicular, replace hyaline cartilage
What bone growth happens at epiphyseal plate
Longitudinal growth
Bone growth that creases thickness
Appositional growth
Cells of bone tissue
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
Osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae, communicate information to osteoblasts and osteoclasts for bone remodeling
Bone-lining cells
mature bone cells, maintains bone matrix like osteocytes
Osteoclasts
bone-resorting cell
Growth hormone
stimulates epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood
Thyroid hormone
modulates activity of growth hormone, ensures proper proportions
Testosterone and estrogens at puberty
promote adolescent growth spurts, end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
2 Triggers of bone remodeling
mechanical stresses, changes in blood concentrations of calcium or phosphate
Osteoblasts in bone remodeling
Deposit new bone matrix
Osteoclasts in bone remodeling
break down bone e to release calcium
Position of bone’s ends breaks
nondisplaced: ends retain normal position
Displaced: ends are out of normal alignment
Completeness of break
complete: broken all the way through
Complete: not broken all the way through
Penetration of skin
Open: skin is penetrated
Closed: skin is not penetrated
2 types of fracture treatment
Reduction, immobilization
4 stages of bone repair
1. Hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone-remodeling occurs
Rickets
vitamin d deficiency, low calcium
Manifestations of rickets
bowed legs, bone deformities because bone ends are abnormal and long
Osteoporosis
insufficient exercise, age, sex, estrogen, testosterone, smoking, genetics, alcohol, poor diet