Exam 2- 112

Proton

A subatomic particle with a positive charge (+1) and a mass of approximately 1 amu.

Neutron

A subatomic particle with no charge (0) and a mass of approximately 1 amu.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge (-1) and a very small mass (approximately 0 amu).

Covalent Bond

A type of bond where electrons are shared between atoms, usually forming between nonmetals.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating charged ions that attract each other; typically occurs between metals and nonmetals.

Duet Rule

A rule stating that hydrogen and helium form bonds to achieve 2 electrons in their outer shell.

Octet Rule

A rule stating that most atoms form bonds to achieve 8 electrons in their valence shell (with exceptions for hydrogen, helium, lithium, and beryllium).

Lewis Dot Structures

Diagrams that represent valence electrons as dots around an atom's symbol, used to illustrate how atoms bond.

Avogadro’s Number

6.022×10^23 particles per mole, representing the number of atoms, molecules, or ions in one mole of a substance.

Cradle to Grave

A product lifecycle approach where products are disposed of after use.

Cradle to Cradle

A sustainable product lifecycle concept where products are reused, recycled, or composted, minimizing waste.

Green Chemistry

The design of chemical processes and products that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances.

Source

A location or process that releases pollutants into the environment, such as factories or vehicles.

Sink

A natural or artificial system that absorbs pollutants or carbon emissions, reducing their concentration in the environment.

Emergent Property

Properties that arise from the interaction of simpler elements, such as ecosystems.

Shifting Baselines

A phenomenon where each generation perceives the state of the environment as normal based on their experiences, leading to gradual environmental degradation.

Three Pillars of Sustainability

Environmental, Social, and Economic principles that support sustainable development.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Price

The monetary amount paid for a product or service.

Cost

The total expense of a product or service, including hidden or external costs like environmental damages.

Ozone Layer

A region in the stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun's harmful UV radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C.

Ozone Depletion

The reduction of ozone molecules caused by chemicals like CFCs that break down ozone.

Montreal Protocol

An international treaty aimed at phasing out ozone-depleting substances and ensuring ozone layer recovery.

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

Gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

Global Climate Change (GCC)

Long-term changes in global or regional climate patterns, closely linked to greenhouse gas emissions.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

A technology aimed at capturing CO2 emissions produced from the use of fossil fuels in electricity generation and storing it underground.

Ecological Health

The overall condition and vitality of ecosystems, dependent on balanced water quality parameters.

Water Quality Parameters

Factors such as temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity that are critical for assessing water health.

Energy Content of Fuels

The amount of energy released when fuels are burned, often expressed in joules or calories.

Bond Energy

The energy required to break bonds in a molecule.

Heats of Combustion

The heat released when a substance is burned completely.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces that occur between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding in water, affecting its properties.

Intramolecular Forces

Forces that hold atoms together within a molecule, such as covalent bonds in water.