APUSH Period 5 Vocab

Manifest Destiny

The popular belief among Americans that it was the divine mission of the US to extend its power and civilization across North America. The 5 causes of manifest destiny are nationaism (if you love your country of course you want more of it), increased population from high birth rates and immigration (they need somewhere to go), increased econemy, advancements in techonology specificlaly in trasportation (steamboats, railroads, cannals, roads allow you to actually move westward), reform ideas (many utopias and new religions move westward).  

Oregon Territory

Western territory previously claimed by Britain that American pioneers start migrating to during the 1820s and 30s.

Stephen Austin

Son of Moses Austin, missouri banker who aquired a land grant in Texas. Stephen brings over 300 American families into Texas starting the steady migration of white people into Texas (so that there ends up being more white people than mexicans).

Sam Houstin

Led white settelers in Texas in revolt against the Mexican dictator Santa Anna in 1836 & declared Texas independent w/ slavery being legal. He was then the 1st President of Texas and applied to be annexed into the US but was put off by Jackson and van Buren and denied by Senate under John Tyler (who tried to annex Texas) in 1844.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Treaty signed in 1842 between US & Britian to solve conflict between lumber workers on the American-Candaian border. It split the territory into Maine (US) and British Canada (Britian) and made the Minnesota border with the Mesabi range on the US side.

James K. Polk

Democrats ¨dark horse¨ canidate in the 1844 Presidential election (because stuck between anti-annexation Van Buren and pro-annexation Calhun), similar to Jackson, big fan of manifest destiny, wants to annex Texas, aquire California, and re-occupy the Orgeon territory all the way up to the 54th parallel which is the border with russia. 

Fifty-Four Forty or Flight!

Democratic Slogan demosnrtating the desire to expand and follow manifest destiny, refers to James K. Polk wanting to reoccupy Ogreon territory to the 54th 40 parallel which is the border with Russia.

The Alamo

Battle in San Antonio Texas in 1836 during Texas Revolution.

Great American Desert

Arid region between the mississppi river valley and pacific coast passed over in the 1850s and 60s for Orgeon & CA thus not being settled until after the coast (includes great plains). 

Mathew C. Perry

US commodore sent by gov to Japan (whom was previously closed off to trade) with a few naval ships and got Japan gov to sign Kanagawa treaty to allow two us vessels into Japan’s ports for coal which leads to a trade agreement.

Mexican-American War

War between the US and Mexico over border dispite in Texas and US wanting more land westward that was Mexicos and Mexico refusing to give it up. The US claimed Rio grande as the boarder but Mexico claimed Nueces River as the boarder and thus when Zachary Taylor moved an army into the Rio Grande, land mexico thought was their’s, mexican army killed 11 US soldiers and the House approved war, desipite whigs denying deaths on US land and being very anti-war with mexico. 

Río Grande

River in Texas south of the Nueces River which Pol and the Us argued was the southern boarder of Texas with Mexico but Mexico argyed it was the Nueces River, which is more north. Thus in 1846 when Zacahry Taylor led his army, by Polk´s orders, into Rioo Grande, mexican army killed 11 US soldiers and allowing House to declare war. 

Zachary Taylor

US general sent by Polk into Río Grande in 1846 where 11 of his soldiers were killed by Mexican army starting the war (after House approves). Him & his 6,000 men led the Mexican army out of US across Río Grande and into Mexico where they won a battle at Buena Vista in Feb 1847. Runs for President in 1848 election as a whig but with no stance on slavery and wins.

John C. Fremont

Overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California in June 1846 and declared California and indpenedent republic known as the Bear Flag Republic. 

Winfield Scott

General selected by Polk to invade central mexico (after taylor and fremont victorys). He lead an army of 14,000 and took control of city of Vera Cruz on the coast and then Mexico city in Sept 1847. Genriel in cheif of union at the start of the civil war and devises the Anadonda plan. 

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Teaty negociated in 1848 that ended the Mexican American warand stated that the Río Grande is the southern border of Texas and that Mexico would cease provinces of California and New Mexico to the US in exhcnage for $15 mill. It was opposed by whigs because they saw it as a way for southenrsrs to get more land for slavery. Some dems dissaproved the treaty because they wanted all of Mexico!

Mexican Cession

Part of treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that says the US will aquire California and new mexico provinces as a result of the Mexican American war in exhcnage for $15mill to mexico for the land. 

Wilmont Proviso

An appropriations bill proposed by David Wilmont that says all terittory aquiored from MExico would be anti-slavery to appeal to Whigs and northern anti-slavery views but also to decrease competition in the west among white farmers with enslaved people for land and labor. Passed twice in the whig majority house, denied twice by dem majority senate.

Gadsden Purchase

Small semidesert strip of land that forms the present day southern boundry of Arixona and New Mexico that Preisdnet Pierce bought fo r$10 mill from Mexico in 1853 because it was the best land in the area for building a railraod because it was flat.

Popular Soverignty

Lewis Cass proposed a solution to the debate of slavery that the people who settled each territory would vote on if they had slavery or not. Thsi was liked by many moderates and endorsed by the Democrats who ran Cass as their canidate in the 1848 election whoever he still lost to the Whigs canidate war hero Zachary Taylor.

Henry Clay

Kentucky Senator who proposed and argued for the Compromise of 1850.

Compromise of 1850

Compromise proposed by Henry Clay for what to do about the debate of Slavery. It had 6 main points and was very controverisal but was eventually adipted after the death of President Tyler who opposed it and keeps the Union together for a little while longer. It said: 1) CA admitted as a free state 2) other Mexican cession land divided into Utah and New Mexico and they have poplular sovernity to decide 3) Federal gov assumed texas debt of $10 mill 4) Ban slave trade in DC 5) allow for owning of slaves in DC 6) Adopt and enforce strict fugitive slave law.

Tammany Hall

New York City´s democratic organization where Irish were first excluded from as people were disrciinating against them for being roman catholic and taking low paying job positions. However the rish gained jobs and infleunce in the organization by the 1850s because of shared anti-british and pro-worker values. The irsh had control of this organizatoon by the 1880s.

Nativism

hostility towards immigrants specifically the irsh and germans in the 1840s because these immigrnats were roman catholic and not protestant and thus seen to take the jobs of Americans leading to riots in northern cities. 

Panic of 1857

Financial Panic of 1857 that caused a decrease in price of midwest agircultural products and increase in unemployment in northern cities while the south and cotton production was uneffected. 

Fugitive Slave Law

Strict Laws passed by the federal government as part of the missouri compromise when CA was admitted as a free state to ease the south and its main pupose was to help enslavers track down and recapture runaway slaves and removed the process of due process from accused runaway slaves. 

Underground Railraod

A loose network of free black Americans, escaped slaves, & white northern abolitionists who helped slaves escape to the north and Canada including most famous ¨conductor¨ harriet tubman. 

Hariet Tubman

The most famous conductor on the underground railraod who escaped slavery and then made 19 trips back south to help approximalty 300 people escape slavery.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that depicted the truths ab horrible conditions of slavery through nonfiction story ab slave, very popular and known as a cause of the civil war.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Female abolishonist and reformer who was a writer and wrote UncleTom’'s cabin in 1852. 

Impending Crisis of the South

A nonfiction book written by Hinton R Helper, a man from NC attacking slavery using statsistics to show other southerners that slavery actaully economically hurts the south. 

George Fitzhugh

Proslavery author from the south who argues against the agrument for equality saying that men are unequal and thus do not deserve equal rights. He also attacks the north just as brutality for their wage system and factory conditions. He wrote Sociology of the South among other famous proslavery texts. 

Sociology of the South

Text for slavery and attacking northern wage system written in 1854 by George Fitzhugh.

Stephen A Douglas

Democrat senator of Illinois who ran against Lincoln but won, he had previously helped Henry Clay finish the compromise of 1850. HE also proposed the kansas nebraksa act settleing the issue with popular soverignty, however this did not end well. He also proposed that illinois´s chicago be a hub of transportation so they shoudl finish building the transconteninetal railroad for more western settlment and money to illinois.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

An Act proposed by Stephen A Douglas in 1854 to decide on weather or not slavery would be premitted in the kasanas-nebasak territory. It says tehy will split the territory into two territoesia nd whoever lives there cna vote on if slavery will be allowed there or not. South likes it bc previoulsy no slavery allowed here under missouri compromise but nroth sees it as growing slavery and does not like it. Leads to mass migrations to these terirtories to get to vote and thus violence hence its called bleeding kansas. 

Bleeding Kansas

Violent fighting between antislavery farmers from the north and proslavery groups from missouri in kansas as a result of Kansas nebraska act as both sides tried to populate the areas to get votes on weather the territory would be allow or deny slavery. 

Pottawatomie Creek

Town in nebraska where John Brown and his sons shot and killed 5 people on a proslavery settlment in attempts to demonsrtate neccesity for abolition.

Sumner-Brooks Incident

in 1856 massachustets and antislavery senator Charles Sumner was verbally attakcing dmeocratci southern proslavery SC senator Andrew Butler in speech on senate floor to which Butler´s newphew Preston brooks started beating Sumner with his cane. Sumner lived but with permenent brain damage and south applauded while the north was horrified and house voted to censure Brooks. 

Know-Nothing Party

Grew in the 1850s with support from some former whigs as the party disintegrated. A third party that is anti immigrant and wins some local and state elections in the 50s but looses steam as the topic of slavery continues to dominate the political and policy debates.

The Republican Party

Party that becomes one of the two major political parties and consists of northerners who were free soilers, and antislavery whigs and democrats. They advocate for stoopping the expansion of slavery but not abolishing slavery all together by reprealling the Kansas nebraska act to decrease violence nad repealling the fugitive slave law act. Formed in wisocnisn in 1854 as reaction to kansas nebraska act. 

James Buchanan

Democratic canidate from pa in presidential election of 1856 who won as expected, seen as weak president by the republicans. 

Leocompton Constitution

Kasnas constitution submitted a as a proslavery state proposal in 1857 that was rejected by Congress and then by the now majority antislavery settelers in kansas.  

Dread Scott Decision

Dread scot, enslaved person, sued for his freedom and in 1857 the supreme court decided that had no right to sue because black people and whit epeople were not equal and did not have equal rights and that the missouri comromise and lousiana purchase making slavery illegal in certain territories and states in unconstiutuinal bc def gov cant ocntrol where people take their property. 

Roger Tony

Supreme court cheif justice during dread scott deciscion, a southern democrat who was very proslavery.  

Abraham Lincoln

former Illinoise legislature and laywer running for illinoise senate against Stephen A Douglas in 1858 famous for his house divided speech.

House divided Speech

speech given by Abraham Lincoln where he said a house divided cannot stand meaning that the regional divisions in politics and society and the economy in the us would lead to the counrtys downfall.m 

Freeport Doctrine

response to lincoln by Stephen A douglas in the stephen douglas debates where he said that we needed the slave code for slavery hwoever this made the southerners made because they beleievd he was not clear enough on the importance of the slave code. 

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of debates between the two canidates running for senator of illinoise in 1858 in which stpehen a douglas won by abrham inlon made many waves and made his name known nationally which feared many southerners. 

John Brown

Christian abolitonist who with his sons shot 5 proslavery men in Kansas in bleeding kansas in 1856 and then plotted and led harpers ferry in 1859 but was dicovered, caught, and then hung for treason. 

Harper´s Ferry

Federal storage place of weaponsin virginia where John Brown an d his sons planned to break in, steal weapons, and give to enslaved people to lead a slave revolt however the enslaved people dindt come in large enough members for teh hand off and john brown was caught and hung for treason. 

John C. Breckenridge

1860s Presidential canidate for the southern democrats who was from kentucky and the vice president and ran on unresteictred expansion of slavery and annexing the proslavery cuba into the US.

Constitutional union party

former whigs, know nothings, and moderate democrats who formed a politicla party advocating for enforcing laws and the constitution mostly in order to preserve the union.

border states

states that stayed in the north during the way but were proslavery or slaveholding and bordered the south. includs deleware, maryland, missouri, kentucky, and west virginia. 

Fort Sumper

military fort of teh coast of south carolina which needed money and supplies so Linoln ws going down tobring supplies but then the confederacy attacked sand started the civil war with this as the first battle. 

Crittenden Compromise

last chance effort to comrpomise and create peace in 1860 proposing to ammend the constitution to extend teh 36’s0parrallel of teh missouri comoromise all the way to the pacific ocean so that north of line was antislavery and south of line was proslavery.

Anaconda Plan

Thge unions military strategy during the civil war developed by General-in cheif Winfeild Scott with 3 parts. 1) create a naval blockade along the southern coast so nothing gets in or out of the south so they run out of recources 2) take control of the mississippi river so they cant get recources that way and to split them in two 3) size the capital city of Richmond

Battle of Bull Run

Fought in VA in July 1861, the first major battle of the civil war. The union retreated and lost to the confederacy led by General thomas stonewall jackson who came in with southern reinforcments and proved the strength and capabilities of the confederacy. The union realized it would not be a swift fight. 

Thomas Stonewall Jackson

A confederate general who led the confederacy in the battle of bull run by bringing in reinforcments. Given nickname of stonewall for acting as a wall in the battle, not letting anything through. 

Robert E Lee

Confederate general and commander of the souths eastern forces who stopped mcClellan in the peninsula campaign.

George B. McClellan

The new commander of the union army in the east who held the soldiers for way longer than Lincoln wanted insitsing they need time to train. He led the peninsula camoagn in virginia starting in March of 1862 but after 5 months was defeated by Robert E Lee and proved unsucessful so Lincoln replaced him.

Antietam

Battle in maryalnd in Sept of 1862. The confederates marched into maryland hoping to get a win on union soil to get aid through recources from other countries however a union soldier found Lees battle plans on paper on the ground an dthus the confederacy ended up reteating after only 1 day, though it mostly ended in a draw it was helpful to the north. This was the bloodiest single day of the whole war. McClellan got replaced again as a result of not outright winning this battle. 

Fredricksburg

Battle in virginia in december of 1862, burnsid ethe union leader at thetime led them on attack in the confederacy however they siffered 12,000 causaulties compared to 5,000 for the south, a bad loss. Burnisde used the strategie of recklass attack which proved unsucsessful. 

Monitor vs Merrimack

Battle on march 9 1862 between the new union ironclad ship the monitor challenging the seemingly unbeatable confederacy ironclad ship the merrimack. It ended in a draw but the union monitor was able to prevent the merrimack from stopping the north from blockading the southern coast (although they did not yet complete the blockade which is part of McClellans peninsula campaign).

Ulysses S. Grant

West point graudate who led tghe union on its quest down the mississippi river by capurting Fort Henry and Fort Donelson using gunboats and army manuevers and then won in a defensive battle at Silouh Tennessee, and finally with the help of naval leader David Farragut, captured new oreleans thus the much of the mississippi river in April 1862.

Shiloh

Albert Johnson led confederates to attack the union in tennessee but the confderacy retreats as both suffered terrible losses (approximatly 23,000 casualtiies). 

Vicksburg

Ulysseus S. Grant led the seige of the city of vicksburg in mississippi bombing them for 7 weeks until the confederacy finally surrendors teh city and 29,000 soldiers on july 4th. The union now controlled the whole mississippi river cutting the confederacy into two seperating texas, louisiana, and arkansas from the rest.

Gettysburg

battle fought in Pennsylvania on July 1st in 1863, bloodiest and most important battle of the war, over 50,000 casualties. Lee still wanted a win on union soil either to get foriegn aid because last attempts failed or to get the north to make a peace agreement but the confederacy retreated and the union won the battle.

William Techumsah Sherman

Veteran general who led Sherman´s march using total war startegies and he was a fan of war of attrition. 

Sherman´s March

Sherman led 100,000 soldiers from tennessee through georia and south carolina destyroying everything in thie rpaths and taking Atlanta in sept 1864 and then Savannah in dec 1864, completing the march in february of 1865. 

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

Richmond fell to the union on April 4rd 1865 and both sides didnt want to let go of what they wanted so failed to negociate leaving Lee and a small army to hide in the woods but they were cutt offf and forced to sign surrendor at appomattox courthouse in virginia on april9th 1865 officially ending the civil war. 

Confederate Sates of America

The deep south and other southenr pro-slavery states that ceceded form the union when Linoln was elected president and elected their own presidnet Jefferson Davis with their own constitution not allowing for infringments of right to own slaves, raise tariff or tax for intrenal imporvments. General is robert e lee and they fight the union in the civil war for their independence. 

Habeus Corpus

The right of people that they must have been proven in fornt of a judge of committing a crime to be jailed. Lincoln suspended this right at the start of the civil war and throughout it to jail people who were deemed a threat to the union but had not actually done any crime yet, a very controversial process. Expanded the pwoer of the president. 

Confiscation Acts

Created in agust 1861 and another in juky 1862 allowing the union army to size enemy property including enslaved people during the war as contraband and use them as soildiers and free them. this was a process started by union general benjamin butler who refused to return escaped slaves who would run to union camps on purpose to be taken for a chance at freedom by joining the union army. 

Emancipation Procolomation

Order issued by Lincoln that took effect in January 1st 1863 (however he warned ab it after th ebattle of antietam on Sept 22 1862) stating all enslaved people in the confederate states were now free. However the north di dnot have authority to enforce this thus only freeing 1% of the enslaved population however it shifted teh focus of the war to abolishing slavery as well as ending cecsesion and it encouraged many more enslaved people to escape to the north.

Massachusetts 54th regimine

One of many all black units in the union army and navy compromised of some of the 200,000 new black soldiers in the union army most of whom escaped from slavery during the war. These soldiers were vary brave and dedicated in battle and thus earned respect of white union soldiers. 

Copperheads

A faction of northern democrats during the war also called peace democrats who opposed the war and just wanted peace.

Gettysburg Adress

Speech given by Lincoln on November 19, 1863 commemorating the field where the battle of gettysburg wa sfought fo rthe lost soliders and arguing that there deaths must not be for nothing, that there will be a new birth of freedom in this nation meaning as in the emancipation procolomation, black formerly ensalved peope shall be free and that all men are created equal.

The Homestead Act of 1862

An act that gave 160 acres of land in the great plains for free to families who promised to farm it for at least 5 years which benefited white settlers but not black people. Created by republican congress during the civil war.

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862

Act created by republican congress during the civil war to allow for the building of a transcontinental railroad along a northern route in order to connect the economies of california and the west to eastern states.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

1863 Proposal by lincoln for Reconstruction saying 1) confederate lawmakers and generals will be pardoned if they take an oath of loyalty and 2) the states must rewrite they’re constitutions to abolish slavery but if 10% of the population takes an oath of loyalty to the union, they will accept the new legislature from the south and the state constitutions. Seen as too forgiving by many republicans. 

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Bill created by republican Congress in response to Lincolns plan for reconstruction. They wanted 50% of southern population of confederates to pledge allegiance to the union and wanted to allow only non confederates to vote on the new state constitutions however this was pocket vetoed by Lincoln. 

Freedmans Bureau

A new government agency created by Congress in March of 1865 as a welfare agency to provide food, shelter, medica aide, and education to freed black americans and white people effected by the war. They could redirstrucbutre property however president johson pardoned confederate landowners later taking the land back for them thus undermining the bureau which stopped being funded in 1870. However, it was very successful in created schools to educate many black Americans and increase literacy.

Andrew Johnson

Southern democrat from tennesse who stayed loyal to the union even though he was in a confederate state and became president in 1865. He was a white suproemist who’s Reconstructionn plan included taking away the right to vote from many confederates specifically those whom held leadership positions and were wealthy landowners, expect for whom he granted pardons putting former leaders right back into office. He was at first welcomed by republicans but quickly vetoed many bills and was difficult to work with given his white suoremacy and dislike to civil rights bills and the freedman’s bureau. 

Radical Republicans

Smaller faction (moderates largest) of the republican party that focused on civil rights for freed Black Americans but also on women’s suffrage and workers rights. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stephens were two of many whom dominated congress. 

Charles Sumner

A leading radical republican in the Senate from Massachusetts (remember him, he’s the one who was beat with a cane on the Senate floor)

Thaddeus Stephens

Radical republican from pennslyvania in the house who wanted to use the military to revolutionize the south and grant civil rights to black people, giving them confiscated land from confederates, and build goverment funded schools to give black people an education.

13th Amendment

Amendment to the constitution passed in dec of 1865 (after Lincoln died though he played a large role in gathering votes) abolishing slavery officially in the whole country. 

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Law created by Congress declaring all african Americans as us citizens and trying to provide protection against black codes. This nullified the decision in the dread Scott case and services as a prelim to the 14th amendment. It was vetoed by Johnson but took into effect because of a 2/3 congressional veto override.

14th Amendment

Amendment to the constitution proposed in June of 1866 ratified in 1868, granting birthright citizenship, equal protection under the law, and due citizenship making states uphold personal liberties. It also disqualified confederate leaders from holding office, penalized states who restricted voting rights of eligible voters, and refused to accept confederate debt. 

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

3 laws passed by Congress by overruing Johnsons vetoes to devise and implement plan for military survallience and presence in the south and to make confederate states ratify the 14th amendment and guarantee the ight to vote to men regardless of race in their state constitutions in order to be admitted into the union.

Tenure of Office Act

Law created and passed by Congress (Johnson vetoed but was override) in 1867 prohibiting the president from removing a federal offical or military commander from office without Senate approval. Made to maintain influence of radical republicans in fed government. 

15th Amendment

Amendment proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870 prohibiting states from denying any citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, In hopes of gaining more black votes for the republican party though southerners still found loopholes restricting black men’s right to vote.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Garunteed equal accomadations in public places for black people (theaters, railroads, hotels) and that they could not be denied to serve on a jury. However it was poorly enforced and as we know didn’t work because reoncrsuctuion ended in 1877. 

Carpetbaggers

Northern buisnessmen, sketchy dudes, and humanitarians who moved to the south during reconstruction for various reasons and gained this name.

Scalawags

Southern republicans during reconstruction who were mostly former whigs wanting peace and economic stability for their state but were frowned upon and seen as unloyal in the south thus gaining this nickname.

Hiram Revels

black educated property owner elected to the Senate by southern republicans and black people for mississippi in 1870 but served as controversy angering many white supremacists. 

Jay Gould

wall Street financer who schemed with politicians to corner the gold market and although he was stopped it was too late and made millions.

Credit Mobilier

insiders were giving stock to congressmen to avoid investigation of their stock and revenue increases. In one case, the whiskey ring, he politicians and brokers defrauded the federal government of millions tarnishing the name of uninvolved grant.

Boss Tweed

Nickname for William tweed, leader of democratic party in New York city who stole $200 milllion from New York city taxpayers but was discovered by Thomas and natt and New York times and arrested in 1871.

Thomas Natt

Cartoonist who worked for the New York times and exposed William tweed for his corruption and theft getting him arrested and imprisoned in 1871.