Chapter 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

trephining

was an early form of treatment that was supposed to let the harmful spirits escape.

**deinstitutionalization**

was intended to save money as well as benefit the former inpatients.

**Primary prevention**

efforts attempt to reduce the incidence of societal problems, such as joblessness or homelessness, that can give rise to mental health issues.

**Secondary prevention**

involves working with people at-risk for developing specific problems.

**Tertiary prevention**

efforts aim to keep people’s mental health issues from becoming more severe, for instance, working with earthquake survivors who are already suffering from an anxiety disorder in the hopes of preventing the disorder from becoming more severe.

clients

humanistic therapists in particular, prefer the term

**Psychoanalysis**

is a therapeutic technique developed by **Sigmund Freud**.

**Symptom substitution**

is when, after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem.

**Free associate**

to say whatever comes to mind without thinking.

**manifest content**

In dream analysis, what the patient reports is called the **__** of the dream

**resistance**

Psychoanalysts may see such objections as signs of

**transference**

One final aspect of psychoanalysis involves

**Insight therapies**

highlight the importance of the patients/clients gaining an understanding of their problems.

Self-actualization means to reach one’s highest potential.

free will

Humanistic therapists operate from the belief that people are innately good and also possess

determinism

opposite belief

**Carl Rogers**

One of the best known humanistic therapists is

**client-centered therapy**

also known as **person-centered therapy**.

Unconditional positive regard

is blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does.

**Active listening**

They encourage the clients to talk a lot about how they feel and sometimes mirror back those feelings (“So, what I’m hearing you say is . . .”) to help clarify the feelings for the client.

Gestalt theraphy

developed by Fritz Perls

**Existential therapies**

are humanistic therapies that focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives.

**counterconditioning**

a kind of classical conditioning developed by **Mary Cover Jones** in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one.

**systematic desensitization**

It was developed by **Joseph Wolpe** and is called

**relaxation**.

This process involves teaching the client to replace the feelings of anxiety with

**anxiety hierarchy**

is a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, starting with the least frightening and ending with the most frightening.

**vivo desensitization**

the client confronts the actual feared objects or situations

**covert desensitization**

the client imagines the fear-inducing stimuli.

**flooding**

A method of treating anxiety disorders that uses classical conditioning techniques is called

**aversive conditioning**

Another way that classical conditioning techniques can be used to treat people is called

Operant conditioning

can also be used as a method of treatment.

**token economy**

desired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens.

Cognitive therapy

is often quite combative as therapists challenge the irrational thinking patterns of their clients.

**Aaron Beck**

created **cognitive therapy**, a process most often employed in the treatment of depression.

**cognitive triad**

people’s beliefs about themselves, their worlds, and their futures.

Cognitive behavioral theraphy

One popular group of therapies combines the ideas and techniques of cognitive and behavioral psychologists.

**rational emotive behavior therapy**

example of a specific type of CBT

**Albert Ellis**

REBT was developed by

Group Therapy

Psychotherapy can involve groups of people in addition to one-on-one client-therapist interactions.

**psychopharmacology**

The most common type of somatic therapy is drug therapy or

**Thorazine** or **Haldol**

Schizophrenia is generally treated with **antipsychotic** drugs such as

**tricyclic antidepressants**, **monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors**, and **serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor**

The three most common kinds of drugs used to treat unipolar depression are

**barbiturates and benzodiazepines**

Two main types of antianxiety drugs are

bilateral ECT

electric current is passed through both hemispheres of the brain.

Unilateral ECT

involves running current through only one hemisphere.

**psychosurgery**

The most intrusive and rarest form of somatic therapy is

Somatic cognitive therapy

is another very common combination eclectic therapy.

Psychiatrists

are medical doctors and are therefore the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication in most U.S. states.

Clinical psychologists

earn doctoral degrees (PhDs) that require four or more years of study.

Counseling therapists

or counseling psychotherapists typically have some kind of graduate degree in psychology.

Psychoanalysts

are people specifically trained in Freudian methods.