brain structure and function

which part of the brain controls higher cognitive functions such as decision-making and problem-solving?

frontal lobe of cerebrum

which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily involved in sensory perception related to touch and spatial awareness?

parietal

which brainstem structure acts as a communication bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum?

pons

damage to the cerebellum would most likely affect:

coordination and balance

the spinal cord is protected by what?

the vertebrae

a patient presents with difficulty formining new memories but has no problems with motor skills or speech. which brain region is most likely affected?

hippocampus

the central canal of the spinal cord contains:

cerebrospinal fluid

stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system during a stress response would most likely acuse which combination of effects?

pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and decreased digestive activity

which brain structure helps regulate circadian rhythms and is part of the epithalamus?

pineal gland

which system is activated when the body prepares to handle a threat or stressor?

sympathetic

the “rest and digest” response is governed by the:

parasympathetic nervous system

which of the follwing changes is associated with sympathetic activation?

increased sweating

if the corpus callosum were surgically severed, what would most likely be observed?

difficulty integrating information between the two hemispheres

which nervous system division controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement?

somatic

which part of the neuron sends signals to toher cells?

axon

neurotransmitters are released from which part of the neuron?

synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal

which scenario best illustrates the concept of neuroplasticity?

a stroke survivor learning to write with their non-dominant hand

which neurotransmitter is most associated with muscle activation in the somatic nervous system?

acetylchloline

a person’s heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature are unstable following a traumatic injury. damage to which brain area is most likely responsible?

medulla oblongata

the space between two communicating neurons is called the:

synaptic cleft

a student is able to recite a poem from memory but struggles to explain its meaning. which brain regions are likely involved in this task discrepancy?

temporal lobe vs. prefrontal cortex

how does myelin increase the speed of action potential transmission?

it allows action potentials to jump between nodes

which of the following best describes the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?

to selectively regulate the passage of substances between the bloodstream and brain tissue

the hypothalamus is directly connected to which endocrine gland?

pituitary

which of the following best describes the role of the hippocampus?

consolidates short-term to long-term memory

the hippocampus is part of which brain system?

limbic system

neuroplasticity refers to:

the brain’s ability to reorganize and form new connections

the pineal gland, part of the epithalamus, primarily regulates which physiological process?

sleep-wake cycles through melatonin secretion

after a stroke, the ability of other parts of the brain to compensate for lost function is an example of:

neuroplasticity

which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for processing visual information

occipital

the cerebellum is involved in:

coordinating voluntary muscle movements

which part of the brainstem regulates vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?

mendulla oblongata

the thalamus functions primarily as:

a relay station for sensory information

which structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

corpus callosum

which of the following statements about the epithalamus is correct?

it includes the pineal gland and helps regulate biological rhythms

which part of the brain is involved in the formation of new memories?

hippocampus

the hypothalamus is responsible for:

regulating body temperature

which structure is primarily responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles?

pineal gland

which of the following is a primary function of the cerebrum?

processing complex thought, voluntary movement, and sensory information

which off the following best describes the role of the peripheral nervous system?

it connects the central nervous system to limbs and organs, enabling sensory input and motor output

which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

increasing heart rate

the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for:

“rest and digest” activities

how many cervical nerves are present in the human body?

8

which of the following describes the primary functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

the sympathetic system increases heart rate and blood flow to the muscles, while the parasympathetic system decreases heart rate and promotes digestion

which of the following is a primary function of the pituitary gland?

it releases hormones that control other endocrine glands such as the theyroid and adrenal glands

the parasympathetic nervous system primarily uses which neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine

which of the following is NOT a funciton of the peripheral nervous system

processing sensory input

the autonomic nervous system controls:

involuntary bodily functions

which of the following statements accurately describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

the ANS is involved in regulating involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate