apush ch 33 + 34

Good Neighbor Policy

President Franklin Roosevelt's policy intended to strengthen friendly relations with Latin America and also the world in general following the Great Depression;

Originally the idea of Herbert Hoover, and FDR likes it so much that he continues it and doesn't even change its name

Establishes reciprocal trade agreements with other countries--> negotiates tariff prices down significantly to reopen foreign trade

Recognition of the Soviet Union--> first President to recognize the Soviet Union as an actual nation

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

FDR agreed to lower tariff prices on foreign imports with other nations if they agreed to do the same for the US--> helps reopen foreign trade following the depression and in the lead up to WWII

Storm-Cellar Isolationism

A rise in totalitarian regimes following the Great Depression--> Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Adolf Hitler in Germany.

Johnson Debt Default Act

Any country with bad credit can not use the American credit system--> basically prevents major powers from borrowing money from the US;

Any country who had borrowed from the US during and following WWI would be prevented from doing so again

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion.

The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco-->

FDR was against the coo and went to help the Spanish government fight against the coo (most Americans did not want the US to involve themselves at all in the Spanish Civil War due to the risk factor of starting another war)

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. Roosevelt initially agreed to send American delegates, but ultimately chose not to--> FDR wanted to focus on stabilizing the American economy before the world economy;

By revoking U.S. participation for this meeting, further deepened the international economic crisis

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelt's 1937 speech that proposed strong U.S. measures against overseas aggressors, namely China and Japan;

Roosevelt received backlash for this and backed off his aggressive stance--> America continued to grow more in favor of isolationism though, especially after Japanese aviators bombed US boats in Chinese waters (war was luckily avoided for the time being, though) `

Appeasement

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability--> in the case of WWII, French and British leaders met with Hitler in Germany to surrender part of Czechoslovakia with the hope that it would end Hitler's quest to conquer more land in Europe--> Hitler promised that this part of land, known as Sudetenland, would be the last part of Europe that he overtook; he broke his promise months later, proving that this attempt had failed

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

A clash between Japanese and Chinese troops set off by an explosion at this place in 1937; Japanese claim that Chinese military tried to invade Japan (untrue)--> led to an all-out invasion of China by the Japanese--> Roosevelt refused to invoke the neutrality agreement and cut off China's supplies

Munich Conference

1938; British and French leaders tried to appease Hitler by agreeing to give him the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia as long as he promised not to invade any other European land--> thought to be a success until Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia six months later

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during WWII--> agreed to various neutrality agreements with foreign countries and hoped to stay isolationist while the American economy recovered

Adolf Hitler

Anti-semitic Dictator of Nazi Germany, which was a rising fascist power in the lead up to World War II--> thirsty to dominate Europe, and invaded surrounding nations at an alarmingly high rate

Cordell Hull

FDR's secretary of state who promoted reciprocal trade agreements with foreign nations

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy who joined Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers in WWII

Atlantic Charter

Agreement signed by President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941 outlining the two nations' war aims--> basically wanted to give the 14 points another try

Agree to Freedom of the Seas, Disarmament, and Collective Security;

FDR tells Churchill that he is going to bait Hitler into declaring war

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII--> leads agreement between Britain and the US known as the Atlantic Charter--> Following the meeting between him and Roosevelt, he gets Roosevelt to agree to bait Hitler into officially declaring war--> solidifies US support for Britain in WWII

Neville Chamberlain

1938; British Prime Minister who agreed to appeasement with Hitler early in WWII (Munich Pact)--> betrayed by Hitler when he broke the Munich Pact by invading the rest of Czechoslovakia;

Ultimately resigned as PM because of political pressure caused by his failed agreement with Nazi Germany

Pearl Harbor

Causes: Japanese position in the Far East was compromised and feud with China was taxing and still ongoing--> Japan heavily relied on supply shipments from US, but US was reluctant to give Japan said shipments; In 1941, FDR placed an embargo on Japanese imports/exports and then later froze Japanese assets in the US; Failed negotiations between the US and Japan

ultimately led to Japan deciding to wage war rather than pull their troops out of China (didn't want to cede to the US)

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii--> US had like a 40 minute warning before the attack, but originally thought the Japanese forces were American

American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II

Aftermath: Tactical victory but strategic failure because of the following-->

No aircraft carriers sunk

No submarines sunk

No fuel/ammunition supplies destroyed

America could still wage war in Pacific on December 8, 1941 because they didn't lose the supplies they were expected to

Germany and Italy, in solidarity with Japan, wage war on the US

Rampant Anti-Japanese, anti-Asian sentiment arose

Joseph Stalin

Dictator of the Communist Soviet Union during WWII--> purged his country of all those he believed to be in opposition of him (ultimately executing over hundreds of thousands and forcibly relocating millions to Siberian labor camps;

Led somewhat-rocky allyship with the US in WWII

Lend-Lease Bill

FDR's policy to send money and supplies to countries fighting against the Axis powers order to keep the war on the east side of the Atlantic ocean--> FDR said America would be the "arsenal of democracy"--> rather than fighting in the war itself, it would aid other nations in the war in halting the totalitarian system from further gaining influence and power

"An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States." "Send guns, not sons." "Billions, not bodies."

Hotly debated--> people viewed it as a blank-check bill that would never be fully repaid to the US;

Also viewed by Hitler as an unofficial declaration of war, and by respective Americans as an economic declaration of war (over $50 million doled out to fighting nations)

Cash and Carry Policy

1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms from the US as long as they paid in full and in cash and carried whatever they bought on their own ships; allowed the US to maintain neutrality and avoid loans and war debts

Policy as a whole benefited the Allies because of Britain's naval dominance

Neutrality Act of 1939

Allowed European democracies to buy American war materials as long as they paid in cash and transporting them on their own ships--> sort of an unneutral, neutrality law, as the US was still clearly aiding the war effort against the Axis Powers even though they weren't fighting with American troops

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in the rising conflict in Europe that would ultimately become WWII; Stated that no Americans could legally sail on belligerent ships, sell or transport war materials to belligerents, or make loans to belligerents

Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939

Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack each other, but would split Poland between them; Stalin wanted to turn Hitler against Western Democracies, assuming they would kill each other off and ultimately leave Stalin and his Soviet Union as the chief power of Europe;

Signing of the pact basically launched WWII

War Refugee Board

U.S. government agency founded in 1944 to save Eastern European Jews--> did save thousands of Jews from being sent to concentration camps, roughly 150,000, but by the end of the war, nearly 6 million Jews had died at the hands of the Nazis

Kristallnacht

November 9, 1938 in Germany; mobs attacked over 7,000 shops owned and ran by Jews--> at least 91 died and over 30,000 were sent to concentration camps immediately after;

"Night of broken glass"

Election of 1940

Roosevelt vs Wendell Willkie (former Democrat-turned-Republican);

Wilkie was a political newcomer, but gained popularity quickly--> his campaign lauded FDR's alleged dictatorship as well as the extravagances and inefficiencies of the New Deal; his campaign featured over 500 speeches and mostly favored isolationism, as he often attacked FDR's policies aiding Britain

Roosevelt officially announced his decision to run for a third term very late in the game, but thought it necessary in a time of crisis (WWII);

In the end, FDR won, but his margin of victory was much closer than his previous two

Wendell Wilkie

Republican political newcomer and challenger to Roosevelt in the Election of 1940;

Gained popularity quickly, but seen by Democrats as a "the rich man's Roosevelt" and "the simple barefoot Wall Street lawyer";

His campaign lauded FDR's alleged dictatorship as well as the extravagances and inefficiencies of the New Deal; his campaign featured over 500 speeches and mostly favored isolationism, as he often attacked FDR's policies aiding Britain;

Lost Election of 1940 but put up a good fight

Executive Order 9066

Issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, this order authorized the evacuation of all persons deemed a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocation centers further inland

Result: Over 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry in America forced into internment camps causing the loss of homes & businesses (essentially livelihood);

Xenophobia rampant after Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and this order demonstrated this clearly

ABC-1 Agreement

An agreement made between Britain and US following Pearl Harbor that stated that the allies would work to take down Germany first, and then Japan

Korematsu v. United States

1944; Supreme Court in a 6-3 ruling upholds the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066;

Court lays down the "strict scrutiny" principle for the first time in history--> when the federal government restricts a civil right, they need to prove or demonstrate what was called a "compelling state interest"x (deemed essential to the survival of the country)--> basically, if it is deemed essential, the federal government is allowed to restrict rights on the basis of anything (including protected traits related to race,gender, etc.)--> the federal government can strip you of your rights based on race or gender if it is in the interest of protecting national security;

The federal government FINALLY apologizes for this over 30 years later in the 1980s (grants war reparations to survivors of the camps)

Selective Service act

In WWII, all men aged 18-45 were eligible for draft and immediate service;

Serve for duration of war + 6 months;

Over 10 million were drafted during WWII;

If your number was drafted, it was not so much if, but when you would report to the army (usually, higher numbered-draftees were not always called to report to service, but in WWII, nearly every drafted number was called for immediate service)

National War Labor Board

An agency of the US government established by executive order in 1942 to mediate labor disputes during World War II--> meant to prevent labor disputes that could potentially slow down war-time production

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration.

Prevented citizens from getting anything non-essential during the war; also rationed out goods to families (based on family size)

Froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

War Production Board

Established by FDR to allocate scarce materials, limit the production of civilian goods and instead focus on producing war materials; production tripled;

Coordinated industry and infrastructure

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

This authorized the federal government to seize industries and made strikes against government operated industry a criminal offense

If you strike and you are in a war industry, if we order you back to work and you do not go back to work, you'll be sent to the military or to jail;

If you were a business owner screwing around and not getting your goods out on time and efficiently, the government would take over your business and you would lose your business

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part;

In turn, women took military and civilian jobs to fill the labor shortage;

By 1944, 20 million women serve in civilian workforce

Military roles included the WAACS and WAVES;

150,000 women served as pilots in the Air Force and 27,000 served in the Navy

Battle of Midway

After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor initially, they sought to seize the nearby US controlled islands as well--> after attempting to overtake the island of New Guinea the US stopped Japanese naval forces in this battle shortly after; this battle marked a turning point in WWII, as America halted the powerful Japanese navy and saved its own Pacific fleet from further damage;

If the Japanese would have seized this island, they would essentially have had a wall that the US could not maneuver around, meaning that no surprise attacks were possible;

The Japanese plan was to take this land and ultimately destroy remainder of the US Pacific Fleet in Hawaii, which would have completely hamstrung the US into running everything out of California, which would simply take too long to work;

The US victory ended the superiority of the Japanese Navy in the Pacific

Island-hopping

US strategy in World War II in which military forces targeted Japanese land surrounding more heavily-fortified Japanese islands--> by capturing these surrounding islands, the US could then gradually weaken the more heavily-fortified ones through bombings, before they ultimately were forced to surrender due to lack of supplies/ability to defend themselves

Code Talkers

Navajo Native Americans who served in the US military during WWII--> called this because of their ability to transmit radio messages to allied forces in their native language, which was incomprehensible to opposing forces

Tuskegee Airmen

Entirely African American group of fliers that escorted American bombers in the air during WWII--> very successful, never losing a bomber to an enemy aircraft

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V"—victory over fascism abroad and racism at home

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American general in WWII and leader of the Allied Forces in Europe during the Second Front;

Led American forces on D-Day

Second Front

The Soviet Union was under heavy fire from Nazi Germany and the other Axis powers, leading to millions of Soviet deaths by 1942--> Russia proposed to the allies an attack on another German territory to divert German manpower and attention away from Russia, giving them time to recover;

The attack, known as the _______, was launched at Northwestern France, which was controlled by the Nazis--> attack was secret and fulfilled its intention;

Consisted of 400,000 allied troops and 850 ships, ultimately leading to the surrender of the German-Italian army in Tunisia in 1943

Battle of Moscow

When Hitler moved into the Soviet Union and got within 25 miles of this very important Russian City, the Red Army undertook a massive counteroffensive;

Russia is freezing in the winter, and the Nazis were so confident that they would win the war before winter, they were completely unprepared for the cold weather;

Thousands of German troops were pulled out of the battle literally because of frostbite--> gave the Soviet Union time to recover, marking a crucial turning point in the war

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting between the three leaders of the Allied powers--> FDR, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin; Discussed post-war plans

Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession and the return of land it had lost in the Russo-Japanese war

Women's Army Corps/Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAC/WAVES)

Organizations for women allowing them to volunteer in the war effort in noncombat positions; nearly 216,000 women joined in throughout the war

(General) Douglas MacArthur

Leader of the Allied forces in the Pacific--> headed the defense of the Philippines from the Japanese in 1942, where his troops successfully slowed invasive Japanese forces before ultimately surrendering; also led troops in successfully defending New Guinea, the last boundary protecting Australia

VE Day (Victory in Europe)

May 8, 1945; After Nazi Germany had slowly dwindled in the past few months, combined with the suicide of its leader, Adolf Hitler, the German government officially surrendered on the day that was later given this name; marked the end of WWII in Europe

Battle of Iwo Jima

1945 World War II battle between the United States and Japan in which 26,000 American soldiers died (nearly 22,000 Japanese)--> the tiny island was needed as a place of relief for damaged American bombers; battle lasted about 25 days but the island was ultimately overtaken by American forces

Battle of Okinawa

Following the American victory at the Battle of Iwo Jima, America set out to capture this well-defended Japanese island--> if captured, the island would be used as a closer base out of which to destroy enemy cities--> battle spanned three months, costing over 50,000 American lives (100,000 Japanese), before finally being seized by American forces; US Navy took a serious hit in this battle, losing over 30 ships and damaging many more

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the Allied Powers--> held in a city outside Berlin, in July 1945; Truman, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to warn Japan that anything short of an unconditional surrender would result in total destruction of Japan;

The three leaders also discussed post-war plans, but the Soviet Union saw these plans as mostly undesirable, setting part of the stage for what eventually became the Cold War

Manhattan Project

Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II--> initially met with skepticism, but was done anyways with the threat of Germany acquiring such a destructive weapon looming;

The country's greatest scientists were rounded up to work on making the first ever atomic bomb, which was ultimately dropped on Hiroshima

D-Day

5 simultaneous Allied invasions of the German-controlled French Normandy--> American troops led by General Eisenhower and General George Patton;

All in all successful--> aerially, Allied troops dominated Axis forces, and on the ground, Allied troops forced German troops to surrender; German fuel shortages were made worse after Allied forces bombed gas-producing plants and reinforcements were blocked when Allied powers destroyed German railroads

Paris was liberated in August 1944

Victory wasn't certain entering the invasion, but it ultimately worked out that way

VJ Day (Victory in Japan)

August 15, 1945; after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to near total destruction of Japan, coupled with the Soviet entrance to the war against Japan, the Japanese government officially surrendered in what later became known as this day in 1945--> the unconditional surrender was actually agreed to upon one condition: that Emperor Hirohito could stay nominal ruler--> the Allies agreed to this policy, and the war against Japan was officially over

Emperor Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during WWII--> his people viewed him as a God-like figure, which is why the official Japanese surrender to the Allies was made on the condition that he stay nominal ruler

Albert Einstein

German scientist who led the Manhattan Project and aided America in creating the first ever atomic bomb

Chester Nimitz

United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese Navy--> he led American troops at the Battle of Midway, a crucial turning point in the American halting of the powerful Japanese Navy

Battle of Guadalcanal

Japan had built an airbase on the island with the intention of invading Australia;

The US, as a means of weakening Japan and protecting Australia, attacks the island;

The US overwhelms Japan with manpower and materials, but loses a lot as well--> many soldiers on both sides die to disease or other non war-related causes; US also loses more ships than Japan;

However, the US forces the Japanese to evacuate the island, marking the last time the Japanese retreat--> leads to a change in strategy for the Japanese, where they will essentially fight to the death, going forward

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval battle in history. Remainder of Japanese fleet in the Pacific was destroyed, and the Philippines was finally liberated by General MacArthur