Inorganic Compounds in Pharmacy and Biological Significance

Gastric Achlorhydria

Condition characterized by lack of hydrochloric acid.

Arsenious Acid

Inorganic compound used in pharmaceutical applications.

Arsenic Trichloride

Formed from arsenic trioxide and hydrochloric acid.

Nitrohydrochloric Acid

Also known as aqua regia, used for dissolving metals.

Arrhenius Acid

Substance that liberates H+ ions in water.

Arrhenius Base

Substance that liberates OH- ions in water.

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

Proton donor in a chemical reaction.

Bronsted-Lowry Base

Proton acceptor in a chemical reaction.

Nitric Acid

Strong acid used in explosives and nitrates.

Neutralization Reaction

Acid reacts with base to form salt and water.

Ferric Subsulfate Solution

Used for analytical purposes and as a buffer.

Bismuth Subnitrate

Converted to nitrate by nitric acid.

Phosphoric Acid

Used as a buffer and in various preparations.

Sulfuric Acid

Strong acid used in various pharmaceutical applications.

Hydrochloric Acid

Used as an acidifier in pharmaceutical formulations.

Sodium Hydroxide

Commonly used as a standard solution in titrations.

Potassium Hydroxide

Stronger than sodium hydroxide, used in formulations.

Calcium Hydroxide

Used in various pharmaceutical products and applications.

Buffers

Compounds that resist pH changes in solutions.

Temporary Hardness

Caused by soluble calcium and magnesium bicarbonates.

Permanent Hardness

Caused by calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulfates.

Sodium Bicarbonate

Common systemic alkalizer used in pharmaceuticals.

Sterile Water for Injection

Packaged sterile water for parenteral use.

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection

Sterile water with antimicrobial preservatives for multi-dose.

Glass Containers

Used to store pharmaceutical products safely.

Type 1 Glass

Borosilicate glass suitable for most products.

Type 2 Glass

Treated soda-lime silica for acidic products.

Type 3 Glass

Soda-lime-silica not for parenteral use.

Antioxidants

Substances that prevent oxidation in products.

Systemic Acidifiers

Substances that reduce pH in the body.

Hypophosphorous Acid

Powerful reducing agent in pharmaceutical applications.

Sodium Biphospate

Used in food preservation and drug formulations.

Calcium Chloride

Used for moisture control and food preservation.

Ammonium Chloride

Prevents oxidation in food production.

Sulfur Dioxide

Preservative for food, drugs, and beverages.

Sodium Metabisulfite

Source of SO2, used as a preservative.

Iron

Essential for hemoglobin and oxygen transport.

Nitrogen Gas

Used to displace oxygen in packaging.

Argon Gas

Preservative, prevents oxidation in products.

Copper

Cofactor for enzymes in redox reactions.

Magnesium Hydroxide

Antacid used for gastrointestinal relief.

Zinc

Enhances insulin action and glucose management.

Manganese

Antioxidant protecting cells from free radicals.

Chromium

Potentiates insulin for glucose metabolism.

Molybdenum

Cofactor for enzymes in redox reactions.

Selenium

Antioxidant protecting against free radicals.

Cobalt

Integral part of Vitamin B12.

Iodine

Essential for thyroid hormone production.

Diarrhea

Symptom indicating digestive issues.

Bismuth Subcarbonate

Protective and antacid for gastrointestinal health.

Hydrogen Peroxide

Oxidizing germicide for disinfection.

Sodium Hypochlorite

Common disinfectant and bleaching agent.

Stimulant Laxatives

Increase intestinal motility through irritation.

Bulk-forming Laxatives

Increase stool weight by retaining fluid.

Emollient Laxatives

Lubricate stool passage for easier elimination.

Protectives

Substances that coat and protect mucosa.

Sodium Phosphates Enema

Used for bowel evacuation and cleansing.

Activated Charcoal

Universal antidote for various poisonings.

Sodium Thiosulfate

Antidote for cyanide and iodine poisoning.

Ferric Hydroxide

Antidote for arsenic poisoning.