Exam 2: Chapter 5, 8 & 9

Power that is accepted voluntarily is ________ power.

legitimate

Max Weber defined legitimate power as based on

the acceptance of and belief in authority.

According to Dorothy Smith's "standpoint theory," people view society and power from

the perspective of their group.

Within what framework did Karl Marx place his examination of class?

the economy

Wealthy women CEOs enjoy the privileges of their class and status, but at the same time have to contend with the lower status that women are assigned in the male-dominated business environment. Which theory of power best addresses this contradiction?

Patricia Hill Collins: intersectionality theory

Patricia Hill Collins's concept of a matrix of domination is best described as

multidimensional oppression.

Who defined power as the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others?

Max Weber

Some societies are powerful because they have access to resources and knowledge that enables them to accomplish goals. This approach to power is attributed to which theorist?

Talcott Parsons

When organizations form coalitions in order to pool their resources, they are participating in

networking.

Persuasion is a strategy typical of which approach to power?

domination

Employees' respect for their boss's position and authority is an example of what kind of power?

legitimate power

Soft power tactics focus on

collaboration and friendship.

U.S. Bank is threatening to foreclose on the Johnson family's home due to the number of mortgage payments they have made. What type of tactic is the bank utilizing?

hard

Television shows and movies disproportionately portray the wealthy in a positive light, often as glamorous, able, and good. In contrast, negative characters are often portrayed as poor, criminal, and morally deficient. This is an example of what type of power the media exert over their audience?

cultural

Which type of power is based on the ability to define social reality?

cultural power

Deviant subcultures provide their members with

an identity and self-worth.

Strain theory proposes that when ________, people resort to deviant means to accomplish socially defined goals.

conventional opportunities are blocked

The negative attitudes held by people in the United States toward obese individuals is

rooted in norms that define fat bodies as deviant.

A cultural shift in which a formerly deviant behavior is reclassified as acceptable is referred to as

normalization.

Power is an important factor to consider in the understanding of deviance because

some groups have the power to define deviance.

Why is white-collar crime rarely prosecuted, and why do its perpetrators typically go unpunished?

White-collar perpetrators have high status and power.

Deviance is best defined as which of the following?

behavior that does not conform to norms and expectations

According to Emile Durkheim's definition, an act is deviant or criminal because it

offends social norms.

A behavior comes to be defined as deviant because

it is publicly labeled as deviant.

Labeling theory is associated with which of the following sociological perspectives?

symbolic interactionist

An ex-convict has a difficult time finding employment because his criminal record has become his

master status.

How does deviance contribute to group solidarity?

Deviance unites people against a common enemy.

The prevailing explanation of alcoholism is now that of an illness. In the past, what was the main perspective on the causes of alcoholism?

moral failure

Which is NOT a factor driving the medicalization of deviance?

direct consumer advertising

power of pharmaceutical companies

improvement in diagnostic ability

growing power of the medical profession

improvement in diagnostic ability

The medicalization of deviance can also be reversed. Which of the following is an example of demedicalization?

the current definition of homosexuality

Which of the following terms best identifies the following types of information we learn: table manners, etiquette in social situations, and rules concerning gift giving?

cultural capital

Financial assistance from the government to citizens in the form of tax credits or monetary payments is called

public assistance.

What type of country would be characterized by high standards of living and high-purchasing power?

developed

What are the two major social sources of global inequality?

culture and power

Which of the following best defines dependency theory?

Inequality is caused by the exploitation of poor nations.

Geoff tells you that we cannot understand American culture without understanding the relationship that America has with the global economy. He argues that the ability to connect with other nations in the world allows Americans to have access to all sorts of products, and that would be impossible without a global economy. Which analytical framework is Geoff explaining?

world systems analysis

When, historically, did the sociological analysis of class and inequality begin?

the late 1800s and early 1900s

What is the best match to Karl Marx's term "bourgeoisie"?

capitalist class

Karl Marx described what group as the "proletariat"?

the working class

What term would Karl Marx use to describe someone who owned a small pet grooming shop?

petite bourgeoisie

Which of the following represents wealth?

homes and stocks

Which social class is identified by its contribution of specialized knowledge to the economy?

middle class

Which of the following is a main characteristic of the underclass?

chronic unemployment

What term refers to a person's change in class position without an overall change in society's class structure?

individual mobility

Excessive spending, often done with the intention of showing off or impressing others, is what Thorstein Veblen termed

conspicuous consumption.

Essay question - 5 rationals for punishment: retribution and example

As crime severity increases, so does punishment

ex. advocates of death penalty when murder is involved

Essay question - 5 rationals for punishment: rehabilitation and example

Readjust criminals into normal standards of society

ex. advocates who believe that educational and job training programs belong in prison

Essay question - 5 rationals for punishment: deterrence and example

Experiencing the consequences will discourage future crimes

ex. advocates that think harsher punishment causes a decline in crime rates

Essay question - 5 rationals for punishment: protection and example

Criminal justice system removes dangerous individuals who are deemed threatening to society

ex. advocates for the life sentence, which indicates long protection towards the community

Essay question - 5 rationals for punishment: restoration and example

Repairing the damages from the crime

ex. advocates for medication that brings peace towards victims and offenders