AP Psych Neurons and Neurotransmitters notes and flashcards

Types of Neurons

• Sensory Neurons = AFFERENT NEURONS = Neurons that travel from the body to the brain.
• Motor Neurons = EFFERENT NEURONS = Neurons that travel from the brain to the body.
• Interneurons = connect the sensory and motor neurons located in the brain and spinal cord
• Mirror neurons

Most common neurotransmitters:

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• Acetylcholine: muscle movement, attention, arousal and memory.
    * Deficiency of Acetylcholine causes Alzheimer’s disease: They cannot produce acetylcholine.
• Dopamine: voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotion.
    * Produces sensations of pleasure and reward
    * Excess of dopamine causes Schizophrenia
    * Deficiency of dopamine causes Parkinson’s: they cannot voluntarily move.
    * Drugs, shopping, eating: releases dopamine and causes your brain to want more. Sometimes your brain can’t keep up with producing dopamine and this leads to Parkinson’s in drug addicts.
• Serotonin: sleep, wakefulness, appetite, mood, aggression, impulsivity, and sensory perception.
    * Excess of serotonin causes bipolar disorder: impulsivity, staying awake for a long time and high energy.
    * Deficiency of serotonin causes depression and OCD’s
• Endorphins: pain relief and pleasure.
    * Opiate addiction lowers the natural levels of endorphins
• Norepinephrine: mobilize the brain and body for action. (fight or flight)
    * Deficiency of norepinephrine causes depression, anxiety and problems sleeping.
• GABA:  main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
    * When GABA is present in the neuron, it prevents the neurons from firing.
    * Excess of GABA means not enough brain activity and can lead to hypersomnia
    * Deficiency of GABA causes anxiety and epilepsy
• Glutamate: main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain involved in learning and memory
    * Excess of glutamate causes multiple sclerosis, too much Acetylcholine, high levels of anxiety, fear or insomnia.
    * Deficiency of glutamate causes psychosis, coma and death.
    * Release of glutamate after a stroke can cause brain damage

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Agonists v.s. Antagonists:

• They are both drugs
• Agonists mimic neurotransmitters
• Antagonists block neurotransmitters
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