Untitled Flashcards Set

Phalanx

A military formation of infantry standing shoulder to shoulder in deep ranks.

Helots

A subjugated population in ancient Sparta that were primarily agricultural laborers.

Acropolis

The fortified high area of an ancient Greek city, often containing temples and public buildings.

Agora

A central public space in ancient Greek city-states used for assemblies and markets.

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece, including the city and its surrounding territory.

Socrates

An ancient Greek philosopher known for his contributions to ethics and epistemology.

Aristotle

A Greek philosopher and student of Plato who made significant contributions to many fields of knowledge.

Zoroastrianism

An ancient pre-Islamic religion of Persia that emphasized dualism and the worship of Ahura Mazda.

Darius

A king of Persia known for his administrative genius and construction projects.

Confucius

A Chinese philosopher whose teachings emphasized morality, social relationships, and justice.

Alexander the Great

An ancient Macedonian ruler known for his vast empire and military conquests.

Nineveh

The capital city of the ancient Assyrian empire, known for its impressive architecture.

Alexandria

A city founded by Alexander the Great, notable for its library and center of learning.

Baghdad

The capital of modern Iraq, historically significant as a center of culture and trade.

Shekel

An ancient unit of weight and currency used in the Near East.

Pythagoras

An ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher best known for the Pythagorean theorem.

Domestication

The process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use.

Edict of Thessalonica

A 380 AD decree that declared Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire.

Edict of Milan

A proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire.

New Testament

The second part of the Christian biblical canon, focusing on the life and teachings of Jesus.

Five Pillars

The five foundational acts of worship in Islam, essential to a Muslim's faith and practice.

Pastoralists

People who rely on the herding of domesticated animals to sustain their livelihoods.

Jinshi

The highest and most prestigious degree in the Chinese imperial examination system.

Excommunication

The act of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Church.

Sha’ria

Islamic law derived from the Quran and the Hadith.

Hajj

The annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a mandatory religious duty for Muslims.

Mosque

A place of worship for Muslims.

Muhammad

The founder of Islam, considered the last prophet in Islam.

Hijrah

The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE.

Qu’ran

The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

Gospels

The first four books of the New Testament, detailing the life and teachings of Jesus.

Great Schism

The division of Christianity into the Eastern Orthodox and Western Roman Catholic churches in 1054.

Polytheism

The belief in or worship of multiple gods.

Torah

The central reference of the religious Judaic tradition, consisting of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible.

Hunter-Gatherer

A member of a society that relies on hunting and gathering for sustenance.

Babylonian Captivity

The period in Jewish history when a number of Jews were captives in Babylon.

Hominid

A member of the biological family that includes humans and their ancestors.

Homo Sapiens

The species to which all modern human beings belong.

Hagia Sophia

A former Greek Orthodox Christian basilica that later became a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul.

Vladimir

The Grand Prince of Kiev who converted to Christianity, influencing the Christianization of Eastern Europe.

Kiev

The capital city of Ukraine, historically significant as a cultural and political center.

Tithe

A one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization.

Treaty of Verdun

The 843 treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among Charlemagne's grandsons.

Interdict

A Church decree prohibiting certain sacraments and services from being performed in a specific area.

Sacraments

Rituals recognized as of particular importance and significance in Christian faith and practice.

Confirmation

A Christian sacrament confirming and strengthening a baptized person's commitment to their faith.

Lay Investiture

The appointment of bishops and other church officials by secular leaders.

Three Field System

A rotational farming system in medieval Europe that increased agricultural production.

Commercial Revolution

The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe during the late Middle Ages.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.