Grammer

Simple Subject

Simple Subject

Asking WHO/WHAT about the verb

Command

“You is always understood”

Questions

Frequently begin with a very/helping verb or whom, who, where, when, why, or how

Direct object

Answers the question of what? or whom? after an action verbIndirect +

Indirect Objects

Answers the question to whom? for whom? to what? for what? after an action verb

Object Compliment

Answers the question what? after a direct object. That is, it completes the meaning of the direct object by identifying or describing it,

Predicate Nominative

A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and points back to the subject to rename it or to identify it further.

Example : Sopranos are singers

Singers points back to sopranos since it identifies it more. (Noun as a description)

Predicate Adjective

Follows a linking verb and points back to the subject and further describes it.

Example : Ballerinas are graceful

Graceful is an adjective that points back to Ballerinas since it identifies it more. (Adjective as a description)

Prepositional Phrase

a group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition

Appositive

a noun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or give additional information about it

Example : My friend Paul sends me long letters from Brazil.

[ The appositive Paul identifies the noun friend ]

Appositive Phrase

an appositive plus any words that modify the appositive

Example: He is living and working in Brasilia, the capital city.

[The appositive phrase, in bold type, identifies Brasilia]

Verbal

A verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb

Verbal Phrase

A verbal plus any complements and modifiers

Participle

A verb form that can function as an adjective

Participial Phrase

Contains a participle plus any complements and modifiers

Gerund

a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in the same way a noun is used

Gerund Phrase

A gerund plus any complements and modifiers

Infinitive

A verb form that is usually preceded by the word to and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb

Example : Dancing the Tango is not as easy as it looks

[Dancing the tango is a Gerund Phrase since it has the word Dancing which is a gerund plus the rest of the sentence which are the modifiers. ]

Infinitive Phrase

Contains an infinitive plus any complements and modifiers

Example : We decided to sail across the lake.

[ To sail across the lake is an infinitive phrase since it has the words to sail accompanied by the rest of the sentence which act as modifiers.]

Adjective Clause

A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun

Example: The hikes who reached the peak were overjoyed.

[ The clause who reached the peak modifies the noun The hikers]

Adverb Clause

A subordinate Clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb/ It tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions

Example : Whenever is rains, the river rises.

[ The adverb clause modifies the verb rises. It tells when]

Noun Clauses

A subordinate clause used as a noun

Words used to introduce a noun clause -

How, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, whichever, who, whom, whoever, whose, why

Example : Whoever camps enjoys the outdoors.

[ The noun clause is Whoever Camps]