Grammer

Simple Subject

Asking WHO/WHAT about the verb

Command

“You is always understood”

Questions

Frequently begin with a very/helping verb or whom, who, where, when, why, or how

Direct object

Answers the question of *what?* or *whom?* after an action verbIndirect +

Indirect Objects

Answers the question *to whom? for whom? to what? for what?* after an action verb

Object Compliment

Answers the question *what?* after a direct object. That is, it *completes* the meaning of the direct object by identifying or describing it,

Predicate Nominative

A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and points back to the subject to rename it or to identify it further.

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Example : Sopranos are singers

Singers points back to sopranos since it identifies it more. (Noun as a description)

Predicate Adjective

Follows a linking verb and points back to the subject and further describes it.

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Example : Ballerinas are graceful

Graceful is an adjective that points back to Ballerinas since it identifies it more. (Adjective as a description)

Prepositional Phrase

a group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun called **the object of the preposition**

Appositive

a noun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or give additional information about it

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Example : My friend **Paul** sends me long letters from Brazil.

\[ The appositive *Paul* identifies the noun *friend* \]

Appositive Phrase

an appositive plus any words that modify the appositive

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Example: He is living and working in Brasilia, **the capital city**.

\[The appositive phrase, in bold type, identifies *Brasilia]*

Verbal

A verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb

Verbal Phrase

A verbal plus any complements and modifiers

Participle

A verb form that can function as an adjective

Participial Phrase

Contains a participle plus any complements and modifiers

Gerund

a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in the same way a noun is used

Gerund Phrase

A gerund plus any complements and modifiers

Infinitive

A verb form that is usually preceded by the word *to* and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb

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Example : **Dancing the Tango** is not as easy as it looks

\[Dancing the tango is a Gerund Phrase since it has the word **Dancing** which is a gerund plus the rest of the sentence which are the modifiers. \]

Infinitive Phrase

Contains an infinitive plus any complements and modifiers

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Example : We decided **to sail across the lake.**

\[ To sail across the lake is an infinitive phrase since it has the words **to sail** accompanied by the rest of the sentence which act as modifiers.\]

Adjective Clause

A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun

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Example: The hikes **who reached the peak** were overjoyed.

\[ The clause **who reached the peak** modifies the noun The hikers\]

Adverb Clause

A subordinate Clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb/ It tells *when, where, how, why, to what extent,* or *under what conditions*

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Example : **Whenever is rains,** the river rises.

\[ The adverb clause modifies the verb *rises.* It tells *when*\]

Noun Clauses

A subordinate clause used as a noun

Words used to introduce a noun clause -

How, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, whichever, who, whom, whoever, whose, why

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Example : **Whoever camps** enjoys the outdoors.

\[ The noun clause is Whoever Camps\]