Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic number, where each element has one proton more than the element preceding it
The table is arranged in vertical columns called Groupsnumbered I - VIII (numbers shown on the course's Periodic Table) and in rows called Periods (numbers not shown on the Periodic Table)
Period: these are the horizontal rows that show the number of shells of electrons an atom has
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Group: these are the vertical columns that show how many outer electrons each atom has
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Because there are patterns in the way the elements are arranged on the Periodic table, there are also patterns and trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements and their physical properites
There are trends in properties down Groups and across each Period
All of the Group I elements, for example, react very quickly with water
In this way the Periodic Table can be used to predict how a particular element will behave
The Periodic Table can also be used to predict boiling point, melting point, density and many more properties by comparing to nearby elements
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Electronic Configuration:
Example: Electronic configuration of chlorine:
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Physical properties of the Group I metals
The Group I metals:
They react readily with oxygen and water vapour in air so they are stored under oil to stop them from reacting
Group I metals will react similarly with water, reacting vigorously to produce an alkaline metal hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas
The Group I metals get more reactive as you look down the group, so only the first three metals are allowed in schools for demonstrations
The reactivity of the ^^Group 1 metals increases as you go down the group^^
Each outer shell contains only one electron so when they react, they lose the outer electron which empties the outermost shell
The next shell down automatically becomes the outermost shell and is already full, hence the atom obtains an electronic configuration which has a full outer shell of electrons and is stable
As you go down Group 1, the number of inner complete shells of electrons increases by 1 per row (period number increases down the Periodic Table)
This means that the outer electron is further away from the nucleus so there are weaker electrostatic forces of attraction
This requires less energy to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction between the negatively charged electron and the positively charged nucleus
This allows the electron to be lost more easily, making the Group I metal atoms more reactive as you go down the group
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Properties of other Alkali Metals (Rubidium, Caesium and Francium)
A non metal group
These are the Group VII non-metals that are poisonousand include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine
Halogens are diatomic, meaning they form molecules of two atoms
All halogens have seven electrons in their outer shell
They form halide ions by gaining one more electron to complete their outer shells
Fluorine is not allowed in schools so observations and experiments tend to only involve chlorine, bromine and iodine
State at room temperature
At room temperature (20 °C), the physical state of the halogens changes as you go down the group
Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid
Colour
The halogens become darker as you go down the group
Chlorine is pale %%green%%, bromine is ==red-brown== and iodine is black
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Electronic Configuration:
The Trend in Reactivity:
This allows an electron to be attracted more readily, so the higher up the element is in Group VII then the morereactive it is
A halogen displacement reaction occurs when a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its halide
The reactivity of Group VII non-metals increases as you move up the group
Out of the three commonly used halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine, chlorine is the most reactive and iodine is the least reactive
%%Chlorine and Bromine%%
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potassium bromide + chlorine → potassium chloride + bromine
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2KBr (aq) + Cl2 (aq) → 2KCl (aq) + Br2 (aq)
Bromine and iodine
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magnesium iodide + bromine → magnesium bromide + iodine
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2MgI (aq) + Br2 (aq) → 2MgBr (aq) + I2 (aq)
Melting and Boiling points
Physical states
Colour
The colour of the halogens becomes darker as you go down the group
Fluorine is at the top of Group VII so the colour will be lighter, so fluorine is yellow
Astatine is at the bottom of Group VII so the colour will be darker, so astatine is black
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They are very hard and strong metals and are good conductors of heat and electricity
They have very high melting points and are highly densemetals
For example, the melting point of titanium is 1,688ºC whereas potassium in Group I melts at only 63.5ºC, slightly warmer than the average cup of hot chocolate!
The transition elements form coloured compounds and often have more than one oxidation state, such as iron readily forming compound of both Fe2+ and Fe3+
These coloured compounds are responsible for the pigments in many paints and the colours of gemstones and rocks
Transition elements, as elements or in compounds, are often used as catalysts to improve the rate or reaction in industrial processes
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1- Form colored compounds
2- used as catalysts
3- high melting points
4- good conductors of heat and electricity
The transition elements have more than one oxidation state, as they can lose a different number of electrons, depending on the chemical environment they are in
Iron for example can lose two electrons to form Fe2+ or three electrons to form Fe3+
Compounds containing transition elements in different oxidation states will have different properties and colours
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The noble gases are in Group VIII (or Group 0); they are non-metals and have very low melting and boiling points
They are all monoatomic, colourless gases
The Group 0 elements all have full outer shells
This electronic configuration is extremely stable so these elements are unreactive and are inert
Electronic configurations of the noble gases:
Helium is used for filling balloons and weather balloons as it is less dense than air and does not burn
Neon, argon and xenon are used in advertising signs
Argon is used to provide an inert atmosphere for welding
Argon is also used to fill electric light bulbs as it is inert
Neon and argon are used as inert atmospheres for sensitive experiments where nitrogen is not appropriate
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