Chapter 4: Computer Systems and Networks

The Internet

• Internet: is a network of networks.
• The word Internet came from “interconnection of computer networks.”
• The Internet is very hardware driven with wires, cables, and devices such as routers and servers.
• Routers are computing devices along a path that send the information along to the next stop on the path.
• Routing: is the process of finding a path from sender to receiver
• Bandwidth: is a measure of the maximum amount of data that can be transferred through a channel or network connection.
• It's measured in bits per second, and it determines how quickly you can download and upload files from the internet.
• Internet protocol (IP): is responsible for addressing and routing your online requests.
• Transmission control protocol (TCP): is a protocol that defines how computers send packets of data to each other.
• User datagram protocol (UDP): is a protocol that allows computer applications to send messages without checking for missing packets to save on time needed to retransmit missing packets.

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Scalability

• Scalability: is the ability for a system, network or process to handle a growing amount of work in an efficient manner.
• It can also be defined as the capacity to increase services and products quickly with minimal interruption and cost.
• This is especially important in software engineering, where scalability is crucial when developing applications that are expected to handle large amounts of traffic or data.

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FAULT TOLERANCE

Hardware Failure

• Hardware failure: is when a hardware device, such as a computer or printer, stops working properly due to an issue with the physical components.
• The cause of the failure can be anything from electrical wiring issues to incorrect installation and configuration of hardware components.
• In any case, diagnosing and repairing hardware failures can be difficult without proper tools and experience in dealing with this type of issue.

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Operational Failures

• Operational failures: are any issues or breakdowns in the operation of a business, machine, system, process, etc.
• They can range from unexpected downtime to incorrect results due to faulty programming.
• Operational failures can have significant impacts on profitability and reputation if not addressed swiftly and appropriately.

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Weather

• The internet has cables and wires spanning the world that connect computers.
• Natural disasters: could cause the hardware to be destroyed, bringing the network activity to a halt.
• Solar Flare: is an intense radiation that is released from the sun.
• This happens because of the released from the sun.

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Cyberattacks

• Cyberattacks: are malicious attempts to damage or disrupt computer systems, networks, and data.
• They can be carried out by individuals, groups, or organizations with malicious intent.
• Cyberattacks typically involve the use of malware such as viruses and ransomware that allow attackers to gain access to a system for a variety of nefarious purposes including stealing data and financial information or launching denial-of-service attacks.
• Some cyberattack methods used today include phishing campaigns; social engineering attacks; website defacement; distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks; SQL injection exploits; man-in-the middle (MITM) attack vectors etc.

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Parallel and Distributed Computing

Parallel Computing

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• Parallel computing solution takes as long as the longest of the tasks done in parallel.
• A parallel computing solution takes as long as its sequential tasks plus the longest of its parallel tasks.
• Parallel computing can consist of a parallel portion and a sequential portion.

Why Is Parallel Computing Used?

• Parallel computing is needed for real-world simulations and modeling.
• Multiple processors can operate independently but share the same memory resources.

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Distributed Computing

• Distributed computing allows problems to be solved that could not be solved on a single computer because of either the processing time or storage needs involved.
• Parallel computing uses a single computer with multiple processors.
• Distributed computing uses multiple computing devices to process those tasks.

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Chapter 5: Impact of Computing

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