Biology Criteria A Final

MRS GREN (H)

MRS GREN (H)

Movement (moving)

Respiration (conversion of carbohydrates and fats into energy for cells)

Sensitivity (Responding to the environment)

Growth (irreversible change in mass)

Reproduction (The creation of a living thing from an existing organism)

Excretion (Removal of waste products)

Nutrition (Requires energy and nutrients)

Homeostasis (self-regulation with environment and inside)

Name the parts of a microscope

Name the organelles of this cell

Animal cell labelled

Cytoplasm

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Nucleus

Housing the genetic information and serving as the site of DNA synthesis

Animal cell membrane

Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane is semipermeable and regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Mitochondria/Mitochondrion

Generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. This is done through aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and glucose to produce energy.

Ribosomes

Macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation)

Name the organelles of this cell

Plant cell labelled

Cell wall

Provide strength and rigidity to the plant cell wall

Permanent vacuole

a fluid-filled sac that stores water (can make up to 90% of the plant cells volume)

Chloroplast

an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth (they’re green)

Diffusion

the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Osmosis

Is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration),

Dissolve

become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution.

insoluble

incapable of being dissolved.

Saturated solution

The maximum concentration of its solute. This maximum concentration is the solute's solubility limit.

Solute

What’s being dissolved (for example sugar, or salt)

Solvent

What something is being dissolved in (for example water)

Turgid

When a cell has the maximum amount of water, meaning there is a high water concentration in its surroundings.

Flaccid

The cell has reached equilibrium, water is travelling in and out.

Plasmolysed

The cell has more water inside then out so through osmosis water is travelling out causing the cell to go soft (this causes things like wilted flowers)

Compare and contrast plant and animal cells based on their structure and function

Similarities between Plant and Animal Cells

• Cell Membrane

  • Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

  • Function: Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; protects and supports the cell.

• Nucleus

  • Structure: Membrane-bound organelle containing DNA.

  • Function: Controls cell activities; stores genetic information.

• Mitochondria

  • Structure: Double-membraned organelle with inner folds (cristae).

  • Function: Site of cellular respiration; produces ATP (energy).

• Cytoplasm

  • Structure: Gel-like substance within the cell membrane.

  • Function: Holds and supports organelles; site of many metabolic reactions.

Active transport

The movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane,

Aerobic respiration + balanced chemical equation

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).

Capillaries

These tiny blood vessels have thin walls. Oxygen and nutrients from the blood can move through the walls and get into organs and tissues.

Tissue

A group of similar cells in the terms of function and structure

Organ

A structure made u of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions

Organ system

A structure made u of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions

Human heart

Labelled human heart

Left vs Right side of the heart

Ventricular walls are thicker than atrial walls because the ventricles have to pump blood further. The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right because it pumps blood around the body, while the right pumps blood to the lungs, located close to the heart.

blood

brings oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body so they can keep working. Carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system to be removed from the body

Arteries

Distribute oxygen-rich blood to your body.

Veins

collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart

Factors that affect heart rate

• Age.

• Fitness and activity levels.

• Being a smoker.

• Having cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol or diabetes.

• Air temperature.

• Body position (standing up or lying down, for example)

• Emotions.

• Body size.

Anaerobic respiration

Occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly than other methods

Ventilation

mechanical and involves the movement of air

Respiration

is physiologic and involves the exchange of gases in the alveoli and in the cells

Explain the movement and exchange of gases in the respiratory system

The right side of the heart; deoxygenated goes to the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava, and to the right ventricle which pumps to the lung via the pulmonary artery.

Inhalation; The diaphragm creates pressure putting air in the lungs

Gas exchange: in alveoli due to small capillaries, oxygen goes in, and carbon dioxide goes out of the blood

The left side of the heart: Oxygenated goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein, into the left atrium then to left ventricle which pumps it to the whole body

Organs and tissues; The blood passes through arteries to the other organs that absorb oxygen through diffusion and osmosis.

Back to the heart; Deoxygenated blood goes through veins to the heart to the superior and inferior vena cava.

Left atrium and left ventricle

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs through the pulmonary vein and goes through valves and gets pumped the to whole body through the aorta.

Right atrium and right ventricle

Receives oxygen-poor blood from vena cava goes through a valve and then pumps to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

Plant life cycle

Plant parts

Xylem and Phloem

Stomata

small pores located on the leaf surface that allow plants to exchange gases with the environment

Transpiration

the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers.

Insect pollinated plant diagram unlabelled

Insect pollinated plant diagram labelled

Pollination

the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.

fertilisation

the process of fusion of the female gamete (ovum or egg) with the male gamete (sperm)

germination

the process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling.

Factors needed for growth

light, water, temperature, and nutrients.

Factors needed for germination

water, oxygen, and proper temperature

factors needed for photosynthesis

, water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, and chlorophyll.

Features of a wind pollinated plant

• No bright colors, special odors, or nectar.

• Small.

• Most have no petals.

• Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents.

• Large amount of pollen.

• Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne.

• Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind.